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	<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Farna</id>
	<title>CoCopedia - The Tandy/Radio Shack Color Computer Wiki - User contributions [en]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Farna"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/Special:Contributions/Farna"/>
	<updated>2026-05-03T01:19:02Z</updated>
	<subtitle>User contributions</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.45.1</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=CoCo_Quick_Reference&amp;diff=11707</id>
		<title>CoCo Quick Reference</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=CoCo_Quick_Reference&amp;diff=11707"/>
		<updated>2026-03-27T12:34:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: link to Tandy&amp;#039;s Little Wonder&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
If you are looking for information or help with the Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer (CoCo), here is where to start.&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to save my old CoCo software ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you have old Color Computer software on cassette tapes or floppy disk, you can get this software copied over to a PC/Mac/Linux machine and run it in a [[Emulators|Color Computer emulator]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to get rid of my old CoCo stuff ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you have old CoCo hardware or software that you need to get rid of, your first step should be to check the [[Internet Resources|Buy &amp;amp; Sell section here]]. You can also e-mail the hundreds of members on the [[CoCo Mailing Lists]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to get my CoCo running again ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you are trying to get a CoCo running again, and need help or replacement parts, here are some resources. Details to be added.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Cloud-9]] produces hardware add ons for the CoCo, including SCSI/IDE/compact flash hard drive interfaces, PS/2 keyboard interfaces, memory updates, and much more. They also offer replacement DISK BASIC ROMs that support hard drive access, or remote DriveWire access through BASIC.&lt;br /&gt;
* If you want to expand without buying new hardware, check out the &#039;&#039;&#039;free&#039;&#039;&#039; [[DriveWire]] project. It allows a PC/Mac/Linux machine to act as a remote disk system for the CoCo. Current DriveWire allows the CoCo to print to a virtual printer on the PC, copy files to/from disk images on the PC, and even play MIDI music files through the PC. There is also support for internet access, allowing a terminal program on the CoCo to &amp;quot;dial&amp;quot; out to remote internet systems.&lt;br /&gt;
* Check out Darren Atkinson&#039;s [[CoCoSDC]] floppy drive interface replacement. This cartridge emulates a real Radio Shack disk drive controller but writes to disk image files on an SD card instead of a real floppy. You could plug up your old floppy controller and the CoCoSDC (using a Multi-Pak) and then archive all your old floppies to SD card for easy backup. Then, you could have thousands of CoCo floppies available from one cartridge.&lt;br /&gt;
* Download a copy of &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; from https://colorcomputerarchive.com/repo/Documents/Books/. The most recent version is the Second Edition (2006). This book has history, repair information, and a &amp;quot;survival/user&amp;quot; guide (in Appendix, page 100 of Second Edition) that will be very helpful.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to meet other CoCo folks ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Attend the yearly [[Chicago_CoCoFEST!]], hosted by the Glenside Color Computer Club.&lt;br /&gt;
* Contact other CoCo users on the Internet via e-mail. See [[CoCo Mailing Lists]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Is OS-9 still around? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[NitrOS-9]] project.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Is there anything new going on with CoCo stuff? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* The yearly [[Chicago_CoCoFEST!]] conventions are still going.&lt;br /&gt;
* 2014: Darren Atkinson&#039;s [[CoCoSDC]] floppy drive replacement that uses SD cards instead of diskettes.&lt;br /&gt;
* 2014: CoCo 3 RGB to VGA adapter project.&lt;br /&gt;
* Software!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to run old CoCo software, but don&#039;t have a CoCo ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Run a selection of CoCo 1 and 2 software in a web browser using the JS Mocha online emulator: https://www.haplessgenius.com/mocha/&lt;br /&gt;
* Run even more CoCo 1, 2 AND 3 software in a web browser using the Online XRoar Emulator at the Color Computer Archive site. Browse various sections and many items have links to play/run the software right in a browser: https://colorcomputerarchive.com&lt;br /&gt;
* Check out the various free [[Emulators]] that let you do this on a PC, Mac or Liunx machine (even a $25 Raspberry Pi).&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Where_are_they_now%3F&amp;diff=11706</id>
		<title>Where are they now?</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Where_are_they_now%3F&amp;diff=11706"/>
		<updated>2026-03-27T12:28:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: changed url for ramblerguy.com&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavPeople}}&lt;br /&gt;
Ever wondered where former CoCo people went to? Here&#039;s a place to create a list of notable CoCoists and what they did after the CoCo. Please put your entries in alphabetical order, sorted by last name.&lt;br /&gt;
* Alan Dekok - former NitrOS-9 team member. http://www.freeradius.org&lt;br /&gt;
* Frank Swygert - former publisher of &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot;, author of &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;. http://www.ramblerguy.com&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Where_are_they_now%3F&amp;diff=11705</id>
		<title>Where are they now?</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Where_are_they_now%3F&amp;diff=11705"/>
		<updated>2026-03-27T12:26:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: Added Frank Swygert&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavPeople}}&lt;br /&gt;
Ever wondered where former CoCo people went to? Here&#039;s a place to create a list of notable CoCoists and what they did after the CoCo. Please put your entries in alphabetical order, sorted by last name.&lt;br /&gt;
* Alan Dekok - former NitrOS-9 team member. http://www.freeradius.org&lt;br /&gt;
* Frank Swygert - former publisher of &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot;, author of &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;. [[Www.ramblerguy.com|http://www.ramblerguy.com]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Francis_Swygert&amp;diff=11704</id>
		<title>Francis Swygert</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Francis_Swygert&amp;diff=11704"/>
		<updated>2026-03-27T12:18:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: Publication download locations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Francis (Frank) Swygert conceived and published [[World of 68&#039; Micros |&amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot;]]. He also published several other CoCo publications, including &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; - a complete CoCo history and reference guide - and wrote a couple programs, the major one being a genealogy database for the CoCo3, &amp;quot;The CoCo Family Recorder&amp;quot;. This was later ported to BASIC-09 by another party. Publications are available for free download (personal use only, no sales or posting to other sites or inclusion in databases without written permission) at https://colorcomputerarchive.com/repo/Documents/Magazines/World%20of%2068%20Micros/. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A full copy of &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; is available as a PDF download at https://colorcomputerarchive.com/repo/Documents/Books/. This is not only a complete history of the CoCo, but a &amp;quot;survival&amp;quot; guide as well, with use instructions and repair info. It&#039;s the best available guide for the new user and old hand as well. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Frank was born December 8, 1961. He served in the USAF from 1983-2007, retiring as an E-7 (Master Sergeant). He now lives in his home town of Batesburg-Leesville, SC. He is still in the hobby publication business, currently producing a small AMC/Rambler magazine ([http://www.amc-mag.com/ http://www.ramblerguy.com/]).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:People]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=11703</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=11703"/>
		<updated>2026-03-27T12:15:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: Contact info and publication download locations updated&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@att.net (current as of April 2026)&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
Address when publishing &amp;quot;World of 68&#039; Micros&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Current address:&lt;br /&gt;
430 Horse Cove Road, Gilbert SC 29054 (as of 03/27/2026)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Published &amp;quot;AMC Magazine&amp;quot;  1997-2015 and several AMC/Rambler (car) related books. Published &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; (Color Computer history and maintenance/repair guide) in 1993, second updated edition in 2006. Both available for free personal use from https://colorcomputerarchive.com/repo/Documents/Books/.   &lt;br /&gt;
Still holds copyright to &amp;quot;world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot;, but gave Glenside Color Computer Club reprint rights and all masters to &amp;quot;world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; shortly after publication ceased. All issues are currently available (for personal use only) in PDF file format from https://colorcomputerarchive.com/repo/Documents/Magazines/World%20of%2068%20Micros/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: August 1993&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Last Published: mid 1999&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 6 years: 33&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (two - the world of) in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, and I was still doing that. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. Copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; are now available as PDF files on the CoCo-Archive file site (https://colorcomputerarchive.com/repo/Documents/Magazines/World%20of%2068%20Micros/). Several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) are also on the CoCo-Archive file site available for free downloading (https://colorcomputerarchive.com/repo/Documents/Books/). I retain copyright to all publications and programs, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@att.net (updated 03-27-2026)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=26-3029&amp;diff=6660</id>
		<title>26-3029</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=26-3029&amp;diff=6660"/>
		<updated>2013-12-23T16:13:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* Controler */ added info on 3029 mod for hd drives&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Controler==&lt;br /&gt;
This model was introduced for use with the CoCo 2 (as it lacked the original CoCo&#039;s +12V power supply), and is also mounted in a long cartridge. Early 26-3029 controllers had a Fujitsu MB8877A (5-volt only equivalent of the WD1793) and are capable of high density 3.5&amp;quot; drive operation. Mike Pepe has a page showing how he upgraded a 26-3029 controller: [http://www.doki-doki.net/~lamune/computers/coco/hd-floppy/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that most 26-3029 controlles use the WD1773 floppy drive controller chip which IS NOT capable of operating high density floppy drives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Drive==&lt;br /&gt;
26-3029 &#039;Color Computer Mini Disk&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
This drive model had a white case, but was still a full-height, vertically-mounted assembly. These first two styles have 34-pin card-edge connectors on their rear panels rather than captive ribbon cables. The addition of extra drives required using additional case/power supply/drive units.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=26-3029&amp;diff=6659</id>
		<title>26-3029</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=26-3029&amp;diff=6659"/>
		<updated>2013-12-23T16:12:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* Controler */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Controler==&lt;br /&gt;
This model was introduced for use with the CoCo 2 (as it lacked the original CoCo&#039;s +12V power supply), and is also mounted in a long cartridge. Early 26-3029 controllers had a Fujitsu MB8877A (5-volt only equivalent of the WD1793) and are capable of high density 3.5&amp;quot; drive operation. Mike Pepe has a page showing how he upgraded a 26-3029 controller: [1]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that most 26-3029 controlles use the WD1773 floppy drive controller chip which IS NOT capable of operating high density floppy drives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Drive==&lt;br /&gt;
26-3029 &#039;Color Computer Mini Disk&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
This drive model had a white case, but was still a full-height, vertically-mounted assembly. These first two styles have 34-pin card-edge connectors on their rear panels rather than captive ribbon cables. The addition of extra drives required using additional case/power supply/drive units.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=26-3022&amp;diff=6658</id>
		<title>26-3022</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=26-3022&amp;diff=6658"/>
		<updated>2013-12-23T16:10:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* Controller */ added 3029 HD mod info&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavHardware}}&lt;br /&gt;
==Controller==&lt;br /&gt;
the 26-3022 Mini-Disk System was the first production release of a disk controller/drive for use with the original Color Computer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The controller is based on the Western Digital WD1793. It features an analog data seperator circuit, infamous for its inherent unreliability and has multiple potentiometers which are used to calibrate various delay and timing features of the disk-side interface. It requires a +12 volt DC supply to operate, and is thus not compatible with a CoCo 2 or 3 unless a Multi-Pak Interface (or other source of +12V) is used or the CoCo or controller are &amp;quot;hacked&amp;quot;, also contains the Disk BASIC ROM chip, and the necessary interface logic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The 26-3022 controller was though to be the only one capable of being modified (though with considerable difficulty) to allow use with high-density 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drives. Early 26-3029 controllers had a Fujitsu MB8877A (5-volt only equivalent of the WD1793) and are also capable of HD drive operation. Mike Pepe has a page showing how he upgraded a 26-3029 controller: [http://www.doki-doki.net/~lamune/computers/coco/hd-floppy/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All subsequent controllers use the WD1773 controller chip, do not use the unreliable analog data separator, do not require +12V (so they will work with any CoCo model), and are capable of double-density operation only.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Drive==&lt;br /&gt;
The disk drive is a TEC (Tokyo Electric Corp.) (or Texas Peripherals?) drive mechanism unit encased in a gray-silver-colored enclosure, matching the exterior of the original CoCo (and other early TRS-80 machines and peripherals). The drive unit stands vertically, making it taller than it is wide, with a simple linear power supply and a 5.25&amp;quot; full-height, single-sided (in most cases), double-density, half-height (in most cases) floppy drive. The drive is capable of accessing about 37 tracks, so a 35 track limit was imposed in Disk BASIC. This resulted in a capacity of approximately 160 kilobytes per disk. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The drive unit has an AC power, power switch, fuse and power cord and in the front an activity LED. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A captive (in most cases) ribbon cable exits the drive unit, terminated in a 34-pin card-edge connector which attaches to the controller pak. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even though the drives and controllers were sold as packages, they can be interchanged almost universally. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These drives are not the most robust, and many that are out there are probably in need of work. (if they work at all)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Hardware]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=26-3022&amp;diff=6657</id>
		<title>26-3022</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=26-3022&amp;diff=6657"/>
		<updated>2013-12-23T16:08:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* Controler */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavHardware}}&lt;br /&gt;
==Controller==&lt;br /&gt;
the 26-3022 Mini-Disk System was the first production release of a disk controller/drive for use with the original Color Computer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The controller is based on the Western Digital WD1793. It features an analog data seperator circuit, infamous for its inherent unreliability and has multiple potentiometers which are used to calibrate various delay and timing features of the disk-side interface. It requires a +12 volt DC supply to operate, and is thus not compatible with a CoCo 2 or 3 unless a Multi-Pak Interface (or other source of +12V) is used or the CoCo or controller are &amp;quot;hacked&amp;quot;, also contains the Disk BASIC ROM chip, and the necessary interface logic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The 26-3022 controller is the only one capable of being modified (though with considerable difficulty) to allow use with high-density 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drives.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All subsequent controllers use the WD1773 controller chip, do not use the unreliable analog data separator, do not require +12V (so they will work with any CoCo model), and are capable of double-density operation only.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Drive==&lt;br /&gt;
The disk drive is a TEC (Tokyo Electric Corp.) (or Texas Peripherals?) drive mechanism unit encased in a gray-silver-colored enclosure, matching the exterior of the original CoCo (and other early TRS-80 machines and peripherals). The drive unit stands vertically, making it taller than it is wide, with a simple linear power supply and a 5.25&amp;quot; full-height, single-sided (in most cases), double-density, half-height (in most cases) floppy drive. The drive is capable of accessing about 37 tracks, so a 35 track limit was imposed in Disk BASIC. This resulted in a capacity of approximately 160 kilobytes per disk. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The drive unit has an AC power, power switch, fuse and power cord and in the front an activity LED. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A captive (in most cases) ribbon cable exits the drive unit, terminated in a 34-pin card-edge connector which attaches to the controller pak. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Even though the drives and controllers were sold as packages, they can be interchanged almost universally. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These drives are not the most robust, and many that are out there are probably in need of work. (if they work at all)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Hardware]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Francis_Swygert&amp;diff=6340</id>
		<title>Francis Swygert</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Francis_Swygert&amp;diff=6340"/>
		<updated>2013-10-01T13:48:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Francis (Frank) Swygert conceived and published [[World of 68&#039; Micros |&amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot;]]. He also published several other CoCo publications, including &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; - a complete CoCo history and reference guide - and wrote a couple programs, the major one being a genealogy database for the CoCo3, &amp;quot;The CoCo Family Recorder&amp;quot;. This was later ported to BASIC-09 by another party. Publications are available for free download (personal use only, no sales or posting to other sites or inclusion in databases without written permission) at ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/FARNA/. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A full copy of &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; is available as a PDF download at ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/BOOKS/Tandy%27s%20Little%20Wonder/. This is not only a complete history of the CoCo, but a &amp;quot;survival&amp;quot; guide as well, with use instructions and repair info. It&#039;s the best available guide for the new user and old hand as well. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Frank was born December 8, 1961. He served in the USAF from 1983-2007, retiring as an E-7 (Master Sergeant). He now lives in his home town of Batesburg-Leesville, SC. He is still in the hobby publication business, currently producing a small AMC/Rambler magazine (http://www.amc-mag.com/).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:People]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Getting_Started_with_DriveWire&amp;diff=6339</id>
		<title>Getting Started with DriveWire</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Getting_Started_with_DriveWire&amp;diff=6339"/>
		<updated>2013-10-01T13:43:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* DriveWire 4 */ added documentation wiki link&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Forward ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DriveWire is a server side application used in Windows, MacOS (or Linux for DriveWire 4) to provide a disk emulation server for the Tandy/TRS-80 Color Computer series of home computers manufactured during the &#039;80s &amp;amp; &#039;90s.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DriveWire allows the mounting of virtual disk images on a PC style computer, to provide floppy disk emulation. Real floppy disk hardware is becoming difficult to find these days, so applications like DriveWire provide CoCo users a much needed storage method for enjoying their Color Computers again. This Wiki page will attempt to provide the basic information needed to configure a DriveWire system for your CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Out of respect for software authors, this Wiki page will not host or directly link to any files - links will only take you to the webpages where these files already exist, and can be downloaded from. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, DriveWire 4 is a 100% drop in replacement for DriveWire 3. DriveWire 4 simply (or not so simply) adds far more capability to an already excellent application.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One more thing to keep in mind - DriveWire 3 and 4 can be used as a floppy disk emulator. However, there are some software packages that simply will not run when using floppy emulation. This is due to the author creating their own disk access routines, instead of using the RS-DOS DSKCON routines. Until a successful hardware emulator is created that can accurately emulate the WD1773, then we are stuck with this situation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== DriveWire 3 ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DriveWire 3 acted solely as a virtual disk server for a CoCo. Written by Boisy Pitre and sold thru [http://www.cloud9tech.com Cloud9], DriveWire3 is a great tool for those needing just a virtual disk server. The DriveWire 3 PC server software can be downloaded [http://www.frontiernet.net/~mmarlette/Cloud-9/Software/DriveWire3.html Here].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[DriveWire 3 Quick-Start Guide]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contents of the [[DRIVEWIRE.ZIP]] file.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[DriveWire 3 Troubleshooting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== DriveWire 4 ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DriveWire 4 is a Java version of DriveWire, written by Aaron Wolfe, and has similar functionality to DriveWire 3. However, Aaron has added many other features including: mounting of Internet based disk images, TCP, web server, MIDI control, print to a PC printer (emulates Epson MX-80 from CoCo side, compatible with most Epson and generic printer drivers for the CoCo) and many more.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To use DriveWire 4, you&#039;ll need a recent version of Java - as DriveWire 4 is written in Java, it is OS agnostic; meaning it should run on anything that runs a Java VM, including a Raspberry Pi running Linux. You can get a [http://www.java.com/en/download/manual.jsp JavaVM (here)] for most any type of popular operating system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You get get the most recent version or DriveWire 4 by visiting [https://sites.google.com/site/drivewire4/ Aaron&#039;s website] and following the links. As you&#039;ll soon see, DriveWire 4 supports several computing platforms including all versions of the CoCo. The documentation Wiki for DW4 can be found here: [http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/drivewireserver/index.php?title=Main_Page DW4 Wiki].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The DriveWire Cable ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before you can use DriveWire 3 or 4, you will need to connect your CoCo to a computer being used as a DriveWire server. You will need a Coco Serial (bit-banger) to DB-9 serial cable. Again, [http://www.cloud9tech.com Cloud9] sells these cables. Conversely, you may build your own based upon the following diagram:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:CoCo-serial-cable.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, if you have a more modern PC, it&#039;s most likely not to have the needed DB-9 serial port. As an alternative, you can puchase USB to Serial (DB-9) converters. These range in price from about $10 - $20 and can be purchased from most any electronics supply house. If they don&#039;t have it on the shelf, ask someone and they can most likely order it for you.  You will still need the cable above as this is just an adapter to be able to connect it to PC&#039;s with no DB-9 serial port.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, you can also still purchase an add-on PCI or PCIx serial card. TigerDirect and NewEgg still stock a large selection of these cards. The internal serial cards tend to offer better data transfer rates than the USB to Serial adapters in testing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once you have downloaded the DriveWire software and connected the CoCo to your PC with the correct cable, you&#039;ll need to boot the CoCo with an HDB-DOS ROM image. This can be done with a ROM Pak with an HDB-DOS EPROM from Cloud9 (or someone else); loading thru the cassette port (from either a real cassette player or as a .wav file from a PC), an EPROM placed in a floppy controller or even an HDB-DOS ROM loaded from a .BIN file. Again, all of the files can be downloaded from the [http://www.frontiernet.net/~mmarlette/Cloud-9/Software/DriveWire3.html Cloud9] DriveWire3 page.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== MORE TO COME ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Getting_Started_with_DriveWire&amp;diff=6338</id>
		<title>Getting Started with DriveWire</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Getting_Started_with_DriveWire&amp;diff=6338"/>
		<updated>2013-10-01T13:36:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* DriveWire 4 */  added print capability&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Forward ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DriveWire is a server side application used in Windows, MacOS (or Linux for DriveWire 4) to provide a disk emulation server for the Tandy/TRS-80 Color Computer series of home computers manufactured during the &#039;80s &amp;amp; &#039;90s.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DriveWire allows the mounting of virtual disk images on a PC style computer, to provide floppy disk emulation. Real floppy disk hardware is becoming difficult to find these days, so applications like DriveWire provide CoCo users a much needed storage method for enjoying their Color Computers again. This Wiki page will attempt to provide the basic information needed to configure a DriveWire system for your CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Out of respect for software authors, this Wiki page will not host or directly link to any files - links will only take you to the webpages where these files already exist, and can be downloaded from. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, DriveWire 4 is a 100% drop in replacement for DriveWire 3. DriveWire 4 simply (or not so simply) adds far more capability to an already excellent application.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One more thing to keep in mind - DriveWire 3 and 4 can be used as a floppy disk emulator. However, there are some software packages that simply will not run when using floppy emulation. This is due to the author creating their own disk access routines, instead of using the RS-DOS DSKCON routines. Until a successful hardware emulator is created that can accurately emulate the WD1773, then we are stuck with this situation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== DriveWire 3 ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DriveWire 3 acted solely as a virtual disk server for a CoCo. Written by Boisy Pitre and sold thru [http://www.cloud9tech.com Cloud9], DriveWire3 is a great tool for those needing just a virtual disk server. The DriveWire 3 PC server software can be downloaded [http://www.frontiernet.net/~mmarlette/Cloud-9/Software/DriveWire3.html Here].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[DriveWire 3 Quick-Start Guide]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contents of the [[DRIVEWIRE.ZIP]] file.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[DriveWire 3 Troubleshooting]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== DriveWire 4 ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DriveWire 4 is a Java version of DriveWire, written by Aaron Wolfe, and has similar functionality to DriveWire 3. However, Aaron has added many other features including: mounting of Internet based disk images, TCP, web server, MIDI control, print to a PC printer (emulates Epson MX-80 from CoCo side, compatible with most Epson and generic printer drivers for the CoCo) and many more.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To use DriveWire 4, you&#039;ll need a recent version of Java - as DriveWire 4 is written in Java, it is OS agnostic; meaning it should run on anything that runs a Java VM, including a Raspberry Pi running Linux. You can get a [http://www.java.com/en/download/manual.jsp JavaVM (here)] for most any type of popular operating system.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You get get the most recent version or DriveWire 4 by visiting [https://sites.google.com/site/drivewire4/ Aaron&#039;s website] and following the links. As you&#039;ll soon see, DriveWire 4 supports several computing platforms including all versions of the CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== The DriveWire Cable ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before you can use DriveWire 3 or 4, you will need to connect your CoCo to a computer being used as a DriveWire server. You will need a Coco Serial (bit-banger) to DB-9 serial cable. Again, [http://www.cloud9tech.com Cloud9] sells these cables. Conversely, you may build your own based upon the following diagram:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:CoCo-serial-cable.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Also, if you have a more modern PC, it&#039;s most likely not to have the needed DB-9 serial port. As an alternative, you can puchase USB to Serial (DB-9) converters. These range in price from about $10 - $20 and can be purchased from most any electronics supply house. If they don&#039;t have it on the shelf, ask someone and they can most likely order it for you.  You will still need the cable above as this is just an adapter to be able to connect it to PC&#039;s with no DB-9 serial port.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Alternatively, you can also still purchase an add-on PCI or PCIx serial card. TigerDirect and NewEgg still stock a large selection of these cards. The internal serial cards tend to offer better data transfer rates than the USB to Serial adapters in testing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Once you have downloaded the DriveWire software and connected the CoCo to your PC with the correct cable, you&#039;ll need to boot the CoCo with an HDB-DOS ROM image. This can be done with a ROM Pak with an HDB-DOS EPROM from Cloud9 (or someone else); loading thru the cassette port (from either a real cassette player or as a .wav file from a PC), an EPROM placed in a floppy controller or even an HDB-DOS ROM loaded from a .BIN file. Again, all of the files can be downloaded from the [http://www.frontiernet.net/~mmarlette/Cloud-9/Software/DriveWire3.html Cloud9] DriveWire3 page.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== MORE TO COME ==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=CoCo_Quick_Reference&amp;diff=5449</id>
		<title>CoCo Quick Reference</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=CoCo_Quick_Reference&amp;diff=5449"/>
		<updated>2013-03-29T12:30:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* I want to meet other CoCo folks */ added info&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
If you are looking for information or help with the Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer (CoCo), here is where to start.&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to save my old CoCo software ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you have old Color Computer software on cassette tapes or floppy disk, you can get this software copied over to a PC/Mac/Linux machine and run it in an emulator. Details to be added.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to get rid of my old CoCo stuff ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you have old CoCo hardware or software that you need to get rid of, you should e-mail the Color Computer mailing list. Details to be added.&lt;br /&gt;
* E-mail hundreds of CoCo users on the CoCo mailing list.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to get my CoCo running again ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you are trying to get a CoCo running again, and need help or replacement parts, here are some resources. Details to be added.&lt;br /&gt;
* The [[DriveWire]] project allows you to use a serial cable to hook a CoCo to a host PC/Mac/Linux machine and use it as a remote disk system. Current DriveWare allows the CoCo to print to a virtual printer on the PC, copy files to/from disk images on the PC, and even play MIDI music files through the PC. There is also support for internet access, allowing a terminal program on the CoCo to &amp;quot;dial&amp;quot; out to remote internet systems. And it&#039;s FREE.&lt;br /&gt;
* Cloud-9 produces hardware add ons for the CoCo, including SCSI/IDE/compact flash hard drive interfaces, PS/2 keyboard interfaces, memory updates, and much more. They also offer replacement DISK BASIC ROMs that support hard drive access, or remote DriveWire access through BASIC.&lt;br /&gt;
* Download a copy of &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; from ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/Tandy%27s%20Little%20Wonder/. The most recent version is named &amp;quot;CoCobook-TLW2.pdf&amp;quot;. Read the &amp;quot;1 READ ME FIRST.txt&amp;quot; file first. This book has history, repair information, and a &amp;quot;survival/user&amp;quot; guide that will be very helpful.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to meet other CoCo folks ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Attend a CoCoFEST! For information on the next CoCoFest visit http://www.glensideccc.com/. The CoCoFest is typically held sometime in April every year, currently in Lombard, IL (west side of Chicago). This is the only &amp;quot;large&amp;quot; gathering of CoCo &amp;quot;nuts&amp;quot; in the U.S. While it&#039;s not as big as it was back in the CoCo&#039;s hey-day, it&#039;s still a &amp;quot;must attend&amp;quot; to meet other die-hard CoCo enthusiasts and to see new CoCo developments (yes, there is still new hardware and software being developed!). You can also pick up many used items to complete your system or collection.   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Subscribe to a CoCo Mailing list. There are two, the CoCo-List (MaltedMedia List) and a Yahoo list.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The MaltedMedia list (http://five.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/coco/)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
To subscribe to the MaltedMedia list, send an email to&lt;br /&gt;
   coco-request@maltedmedia.com &lt;br /&gt;
with &#039;subscribe&#039; in the subject line. You will receive a password and&lt;br /&gt;
further information. You can also use this link:&lt;br /&gt;
   http://five.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/coco/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The Yahoo list (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ColorComputer/)&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
To subscribe to the Yahoo list, visit the page at&lt;br /&gt;
   http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ColorComputer/&lt;br /&gt;
Posts from Yahoo are forwarded to the maltedmedia list.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mail-to-news gateway from maltedmedia is working through this free&lt;br /&gt;
news server:&lt;br /&gt;
   news.gmane.org&lt;br /&gt;
The newsgroup is:&lt;br /&gt;
   gmane.comp.hardware.tandy.coco&lt;br /&gt;
You can also use this link on some news clients:&lt;br /&gt;
   news://news.gmane.org/gmane.comp.hardware.tandy.coco&lt;br /&gt;
Web access is here:&lt;br /&gt;
   http://news.gmane.org/gmane.comp.hardware.tandy.coco&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Postings to the gmane newsgroup are automatically spam-checked. Email&lt;br /&gt;
addresses on the group are also encrypted, so private email may only be&lt;br /&gt;
sent by subscribers and email addresses will not be harvested.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note for Eudora users: Please turn off the X-Sender header if you&#039;re&lt;br /&gt;
worried about your address being harvested. Here is a utility that works&lt;br /&gt;
with Eudora versions 3 to 6:&lt;br /&gt;
  http://www.geocities.com/edit_x/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Is OS-9 still around? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* NitrOS-9 project.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Is there anything new going on with CoCo stuff? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* CoCoFEST still going.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[CoCo-X] project.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More to come...&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=CoCo_Quick_Reference&amp;diff=5448</id>
		<title>CoCo Quick Reference</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=CoCo_Quick_Reference&amp;diff=5448"/>
		<updated>2013-03-29T12:17:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* I want to get my CoCo running again */  added TLW2 info&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavHelp}}&lt;br /&gt;
If you are looking for information or help with the Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer (CoCo), here is where to start.&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to save my old CoCo software ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you have old Color Computer software on cassette tapes or floppy disk, you can get this software copied over to a PC/Mac/Linux machine and run it in an emulator. Details to be added.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to get rid of my old CoCo stuff ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you have old CoCo hardware or software that you need to get rid of, you should e-mail the Color Computer mailing list. Details to be added.&lt;br /&gt;
* E-mail hundreds of CoCo users on the CoCo mailing list.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to get my CoCo running again ==&lt;br /&gt;
If you are trying to get a CoCo running again, and need help or replacement parts, here are some resources. Details to be added.&lt;br /&gt;
* The [[DriveWire]] project allows you to use a serial cable to hook a CoCo to a host PC/Mac/Linux machine and use it as a remote disk system. Current DriveWare allows the CoCo to print to a virtual printer on the PC, copy files to/from disk images on the PC, and even play MIDI music files through the PC. There is also support for internet access, allowing a terminal program on the CoCo to &amp;quot;dial&amp;quot; out to remote internet systems. And it&#039;s FREE.&lt;br /&gt;
* Cloud-9 produces hardware add ons for the CoCo, including SCSI/IDE/compact flash hard drive interfaces, PS/2 keyboard interfaces, memory updates, and much more. They also offer replacement DISK BASIC ROMs that support hard drive access, or remote DriveWire access through BASIC.&lt;br /&gt;
* Download a copy of &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; from ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/Tandy%27s%20Little%20Wonder/. The most recent version is named &amp;quot;CoCobook-TLW2.pdf&amp;quot;. Read the &amp;quot;1 READ ME FIRST.txt&amp;quot; file first. This book has history, repair information, and a &amp;quot;survival/user&amp;quot; guide that will be very helpful.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== I want to meet other CoCo folks ==&lt;br /&gt;
* CoCoFEST!&lt;br /&gt;
* Mailing list.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Is OS-9 still around? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* NitrOS-9 project.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Is there anything new going on with CoCo stuff? ==&lt;br /&gt;
* CoCoFEST still going.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[CoCo-X] project.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
More to come...&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=5149</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=5149"/>
		<updated>2013-01-22T18:35:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* Issues */ added &amp;quot;last published&amp;quot; line&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@amc-mag.com (current as of Jan. 2013)&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
Address when publishing &amp;quot;World of 68&#039; Micros&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Current address:&lt;br /&gt;
147 Tom Moore Road&lt;br /&gt;
Batesburg-Leesville, SC 29070-7140&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently publishes &amp;quot;AMC Magazine&amp;quot; and several AMC/Rambler (car) related books. Soon to release an updated version of the book &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; (sometime by the end of summer, 2013). &lt;br /&gt;
Still holds copyright to &amp;quot;world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot;, but gave Glenside Color Computer Club reprint rights and all masters to &amp;quot;world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; shortly after publication ceased. Some issues are currently available in PDF file format from ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/FARNA/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: August 1993&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Last Published: mid 1999&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 6 years: 33&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (two - the world of) in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, and I was still doing that. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. Copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; are now available as PDF files on the CoCo-List file site (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/The%20World%20of%2068%27%20micros%20%5BFARNA%20systems%5D/). Several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) are also on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/FARNA/). I retain copyright to all publications and programs, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@amc-mag.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=5148</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=5148"/>
		<updated>2013-01-22T18:32:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* General Information */ added info&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@amc-mag.com (current as of Jan. 2013)&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
Address when publishing &amp;quot;World of 68&#039; Micros&amp;quot;:&lt;br /&gt;
Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Current address:&lt;br /&gt;
147 Tom Moore Road&lt;br /&gt;
Batesburg-Leesville, SC 29070-7140&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently publishes &amp;quot;AMC Magazine&amp;quot; and several AMC/Rambler (car) related books. Soon to release an updated version of the book &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; (sometime by the end of summer, 2013). &lt;br /&gt;
Still holds copyright to &amp;quot;world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot;, but gave Glenside Color Computer Club reprint rights and all masters to &amp;quot;world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; shortly after publication ceased. Some issues are currently available in PDF file format from ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/FARNA/.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: August 1993&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 6 years: 33&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (two - the world of) in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, and I was still doing that. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. Copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; are now available as PDF files on the CoCo-List file site (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/The%20World%20of%2068%27%20micros%20%5BFARNA%20systems%5D/). Several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) are also on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/FARNA/). I retain copyright to all publications and programs, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@amc-mag.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=5147</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=5147"/>
		<updated>2013-01-22T18:27:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* General Information */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@amc-mag.com (current as of Jan. 2013)&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
 Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: August 1993&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 6 years: 33&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (two - the world of) in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, and I was still doing that. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. Copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; are now available as PDF files on the CoCo-List file site (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/The%20World%20of%2068%27%20micros%20%5BFARNA%20systems%5D/). Several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) are also on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/FARNA/). I retain copyright to all publications and programs, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@amc-mag.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Software&amp;diff=4559</id>
		<title>Software</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Software&amp;diff=4559"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T20:45:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: adde CoCo Family Recorder&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavSoftware}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
How specific should the categories be? Is it helpful to seperate them by media type (ROMpak, disk, tape) and by machine type (CoCo 1/2, CoCo 3)?  The first &amp;quot;Radio Shack Software&amp;quot; section is just a style proposal.  Either run with it, or we can delete it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Radio Shack Software==&lt;br /&gt;
===ROM Paks===&lt;br /&gt;
====CoCo 1/2====&lt;br /&gt;
*[[7 Card Stud]] - Rompack, 26-3074, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wildcatting]] - Rompack, 26-3067, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====CoCo 3====&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Castle of Tharoggad]] - Rompack, 26-3159, 1988&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Disk===&lt;br /&gt;
====CoCo 1/2====&lt;br /&gt;
====CoCo 3====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Cassette===&lt;br /&gt;
====CoCo 1/2====&lt;br /&gt;
====CoCo 3====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==CoCo 1/2 Games==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[3-D Brickaway]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[7 Card Stud]] - Rompack, 26-3074, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[8-Ball]] - Rompack, Anteco&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Alphabet Zoo]] - Rompack, 26-3170, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Androne]] - Rompack, 26-3096, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Arkanoid]] - Rompack, 26-3043, 1987&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Astro Blast]] - 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Atom]] - Rompack, 26-3149, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[B.C. Bill]] - 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Backgammon]] - Rompack, 26-3059, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Biosphere]] - Disk, 26-3280, OS-9&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Blackboard]] - Disk&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Bridge Tutor]] - Rompack, 26-3158, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Bugs II]] - Disk, Four Star Software&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Bustout]] - Rompack, 26-3056, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Canyon Climber]] - Rompack, 26-3089, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Castle Guard]] - Rompack, 26-3079, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Caterpillar]] Tape or Disk, [[Aadvark-80]] 1992&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cave Walker]] - Disk, 26-3249, OS-9&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Checkers]] - Rompack, 26-3055, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Chess]] - Rompack, 26-3050, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Childpace]] - Disk, 26-3248, Computerose&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Clowns and Balloons]] - Rompack, 26-3087, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Coco Pro Solitaire]] - Disk, DNM Enterprises&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color Baseball]] - Rompack, 26-3095, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color Cubes]] - Rompack, 26-3075, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color It]] - Disk&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color Logo]] - Rompack, 26-2722, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Crosswords]] - Rompack, 26-3082, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cyrus World Class Chess]] - Rompack, 26-3064, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Demolition Derby]] - Rompack, 26-3044, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Demon Attack]] - Rompack, 26-3099, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Dino Wars]] - Rompack, 26-3057, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Doctor Who]] - Prickly Pear Software&#039;s unlicensed tribute to the BBC Sci-Fi series.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Donut Dilemma]] - Nick Marentas 1986, Tandy Australia and Game Point Software, 64k Tape/Disk, Arcade Original concept&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Don Pan]] - Rompack, 26-3097, 1985&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Doubleback]] - Rompack, 26-3091, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Downland]] - Rompack, 26-3046, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Dragonfire]] - Rompack, 26-3098, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Dungeons of Daggorath]] - Rompack, 26-3093, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Facemaker]] - Rompack, 26-3166, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Football]] - Rompack, 26-3053, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Fraction Fever]] - Rompack, 26-3169, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gantelet]] - Disk or Tape, Diecom Products&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Galactic Attack]] - Rompack, 26-3066, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gin Champion]] - Rompack, 26-3083, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gomoku/Renju]] - Rompack, 26-3069, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Kids on Keys]] - Rompack, 26-3167, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Kindercomp]] - Rompack, 26-3168, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[King, The]] - [[Tom Mix Software]]&#039;s excellent Donkey Kong clone.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Math Bingo]] - Rompack, 26-3150, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Math Tutor]] - Rompack, 26-3148, 1988&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Megabug]] - Rompack, 26-3076, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Microbes]] - Rompack, 26-3085, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Mindroll]] - Rompack, 26-3100, 1988&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Monster Maze]] - Rompack, 26-3081, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Panic Button]] - Rompack, 26-3147, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Pinball]] - Rompack, 26-3052, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Polaris]] - Rompack, 26-3065, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Poltergeist]] - Rompack, 26-3073, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Popcorn]] - Rompack, 26-3090, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Project Nebula]] - Rompack, 26-3063, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Quasar Commander]] - Rompack, 26-3051, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Reactoid]] - Rompack, 26-3092, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Robot Battle]] - Rompack, 26-3070, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Roman Checkers]] - Rompack, 26-3071, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Shooting Gallery]] - Rompack, 26-3088, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Skiing]] - Rompack, 26-3058, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Slay the Nereis]] - Rompack, 26-3086, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Soko-Ban]] - Rompack, 26-3161, 1988&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Space Assault]] - Rompack, 26-3060, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Spidercide]] - Rompack, 26-3049, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Starblaster]] - Rompack, J. Kearney, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Starblaze]] - Rompack, 26-3094, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Stellar Life-line]] - Rompack, 26-3047, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Super Logo]] - Rompack, 26-2717, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Temple of ROM]] - Rompack, 26-3045, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tennis]] - Rompack, 26-3080, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tetris]] - Rompack, 26-3163, 1988&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wildcatting]] - Rompack, 26-3067, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Xenion]] - Disk or Tape, 64k, Diecom Products Inc, 1987&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==CoCo 1/2 Non-games==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Appliance and Light]] - Rompack, 26-3142, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Art Gallery]] - Rompack, 26-3061, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Audio Spectrum Analyzer]] - Rompack, 26-3156, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Autoterm 3.2D]] - Disk, PXE Computing&lt;br /&gt;
*[[BASIC-09]] - Disk, 26-3036, OS-9&lt;br /&gt;
*[[CocoMax Hi-Res Pack]] - Rompack, Colorware&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color File]] - Rompack, 26-3103, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color File II]] - Rompack, 26-3110, 1986&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color Pack]] - ROM/RAM Pack, Green Mountain Micro&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color Scripsit]] - Rompack, 26-3105, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color Scripsit II]] - Rompack, 26-3109, 1986&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color Term Plus]] - Rompack, Double Density Software, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Colorcom/E]] - Rompack, Eigen Systems&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Comm-4 Serial Pak]] - Rompack&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Diagnostics]] - Rompack, 26-3019, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Digisector DS-69A]] - Rompack, Microworks&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Display 80]] - Rompack, Disto&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Disto RAM Pak]] - Rampack, Disto&lt;br /&gt;
*[[EDTASM Plus]] - Rompack, 26-3250, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[EPROM Programmer]] - Rompack, Intronics&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Graphic Pack]] - Rompack, 26-3157, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Handyman]] - Rompack, 26-3154, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Master Key II]] - Rompack, Computize, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Micro Painter]] - Rompack, 26-3077, 1982&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Microworks Forth]] - Rompack, Microworks&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Midi Interface]] - Rompack, Related Research&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Modem Pack - Direct Connect]] - Rompack, 26-2228, 1985&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Music]] - Rompack, 26-3151, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[NewDisk]] - OS-9 Device Driver, 1985&lt;br /&gt;
*[[PBJ Dual Serial Port PAk]] - Rompack, PBJ&lt;br /&gt;
*[[P-C Pak]] - Rompack, PBJ, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Personal Finance]] - Rompack, 26-3101, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Personal Finance II]] - Rompack, 26-3106, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Real Talker]] - Rompack, Colorware&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RS 232 Program Pack]] - Rompack, 26-2226, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Smartwatch Pack]] - Rompack&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Soliddrive RAM Pak]] - RAM pack&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Spectaculator]] - Rompack, 26-3104, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Spectrum Voice Pak]] - Rompack, Spectrum Projects&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Speech Sound]] - Rompack, 26-3144&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Speech Systems large white pack]] - Rompack, Speech Systems, has 2 jacks on one side&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Speech Systems small black pack]] - Rompack, Speech Systems, no jacks&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Stereo Composer]] - Rompack, Speech Systems&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Stereo Music - Orch 90CC]] - Rompack, 26-3143, 1984&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Typemate]] - Rompack, 26-3155, 1988&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Typing Tutor]] - Rompack, 26-3152, 1980&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Video Digitizer DS69]] - Rompack&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Videotex]] - Rompack, 26-2222, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Voice, The]] - Rompack, Speech Systems&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wildcatting]] - Rompack, 26-3067, 1981&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Word-Pak]] - Rompack, PBJ, 1983&lt;br /&gt;
*[[WordPak II]] - Rompack, PBJ&lt;br /&gt;
*[[WordPak RS]] - Rompack, Radio Shack&lt;br /&gt;
*[[X-pad]] - Rompack, 26-1196, 1982, comes with tablet, pen and template&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Z80]] - Rompack&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==CoCo 3 Games==&lt;br /&gt;
(Sorted)&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Arena of Skill]] - Disk, Chuck Nivison 1988, 128k, D&amp;amp;D/Arcade/Strategy  &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Barbarian Quest]] - Disk, Sportsware, 1990, Arcade, Medievel Sword Fighting. 512k&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Bash]] - Disk, SRB Software 1989, Arkanoid(Bustout) Clone, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Blox]] - Disk, Chet Simpson 1991, Based on Tetris, 1 of Chet&#039;s 1st games, 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Castle of Tharoggad]] - Rompack, 26-3159, 1988. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[C-Hawk Football]] - Stephen Macri 1986, 128k, Text/Graphics Football Simulation&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Cosmic Ambush]] - Disk, Nick Marentas 1992, Space Shooter, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Crystal City]] - Disk,Arcade, Gosub Software and later on Sundog Systems, 1991. 512k Ram, Lone Ship fighting to save your home planet&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Championship Football]] - Rompack, 26-3172, 1988. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Digger]] - Disk, Chet Simpson 1990-91, Lode Runner clone, 128k Ram, This game had no sound and was Chet&#039;s 1st game he ever did and released.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Digger II, Return of the Saint]] - Disk, Chet Simpson 200#, Best Lode Runner Clone, 512k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Donkey Kong]] - Disk, SockMaster, 200#, Actual Z80 Arcade Game ported to the Coco 3. 512k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Donut Dilemma]] - Tape, Tandy Australia, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Draw Poker]] - Disk, Mike Burton 1986, 128k, Draw poker Card simulation&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Exeter]] - Disk, G J Doak, 1987, Graphics Adventure. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Fruit Multi-bars Slot machine, Tom Mix Software 1986(white Cloud Software), 128k, Slot Machine Simulation &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Fire One]] - Disk, Ark Royal Games 1987, 3d Submarine war simulation, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Frogday Afternoon]] - Disk, Kevin Humphrey, 1988, Control a Scuba Diver Fishing. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gate Crasher]] - Disk, Nick Marentas 1999, 1st Full 3D shooter, 512k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gems]] - Disk, John R Strong 1991, Tetris Clone, 128k Ram, This uses the Orch 90cc Rompack.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gold Runner 2000]] - Disk, Chet Simpson 1999, Best Lode runner Clone for the Coco&#039;s, 512k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Gantelet2]] - Disk or Tape, Diecom Products, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Grandprix Challenge]] - Disk or Tape, Diecom Products Inc, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Iron Forest]] - Disk, Diecom 1988, 1 of only 2 that used the Sega Phaser gun. 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Jeweled]] - Disk, Roger Taylor 2008, Bejeweled Clone, 512k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Kyum Gai to be ninja]] - Disk, Sundog Systems, 1989, Ninja Fighting Game. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[La Belle Lucie Solitaire]] - Disk, EverSoft Games 1990, Card Game, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Lunar Lander]] - Disk, Jeff Donze Rainbow Magazine 1989, Simulation of landing a Space Capsule on the Moon&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Mary&#039;s Butterflies]] - Disk, Roger Taylor 200#, Unique game style, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Malcom Mortar]] - Rompack, 26-3160, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Marty&#039;s Nightmare]] - Disk, SRB Software 19##, Pac Man Style game, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Magic of Zanth]] - Disk, Computerware 1987, Graphics Adventure, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Medievel Madness]] - Disk, Diecom 1989, 2nd game to use the Sega Phaser gun. 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Mine Rescue]] - Disk, SRB Software 1988, Rescue trapped miners, 128k Ram. Uses the same game system used in Super pitfall&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Moon Defense]] - Disk, Robert Evans 1987, 128k, Simple Space Fighting game&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Nuke the Love Boat]] - Disk, 128k, Computerware 1987, Graphics Adventure, Stop a Terrorist plan to Nuke a Luxury Cruise Ship &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Overlord]] - Disk, Oblique Triad, 1990, Wargames Role player game. 128k &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Pac Dude]] - Disk, Brian O&#039;Neill 1990, Clone of Pac Man. 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[PacDude Monster Maze]] - Disk, Brian O&#039;Neill 1992, Music by Chris Spry. 512k Ram. 1 of the best Hybrid pac-man clones on the coco 3 &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Pac Man]] - Disk, Nick Marentas 1997, Best Pac Man Clone ever on the coco&#039;s, 512k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Pelieti]] - Disk, Roger Taylor 1991, Maze style solving, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Photon]] - Disk, Sundog Systems, 19##, Arcade Mind Strategy game. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Ponk]] - Disk, Greg Helton 1987, Based on the 1970&#039;s Squash Simulation &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Predator]] - Rompack, 26-3165, 1989. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Pursuit]] - Disk/Tape, Tandy Australia Craig Stewart, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Pyramix]] - Disk, Dr Prebbles programs, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RAD Warrior]] - Rompack, 26-3162 Jesse taylor for Epyx, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Rampage]] - Rompack, 26-3174, 1989. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Return of Juniors Revenge]] - Disk, ComputerWare BJ Chambless 1986, Based on Donkey Kong Jr, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Roller Controller]] - Disk, Spectral Associates 1986, Game theme unknown, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Robocop]] - Rompack, 26-3164, 1988. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Rupert Rythym]] - Disk or Tape,Nick Marentas (Tandy Australia), 1988. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Slots and Cards]] - Disk, Microdeal, 19##, Vegas slot cards. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sidney, The Super Space Snake]] - Disk, KLG Systems, 1991, 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Seventh Link]] - Disk, Oblique Triad, 1990,RPG Graphics Adventure. based on the Ultima style games &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Shanghai]] - Rompack, 26-3084, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Silpheed]] - Rompack, 26-3054, 1988. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sinnstaar]] - Disk, Sundog Systems, 1989, Space Shoot&#039;n up Game. 512k Ram,&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Soviet Bloc]] - Disk, John R Strong 1991, Tetris Clone, 128 Ram, Also uses Orch-90cc Rompack.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Space Intruders]] - Disk, Tandy Australia, 1988. 128k Ram, Based on Space Invaders and best Clone to date on any 8bit system&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Space Marauder]] - Disk, Tandy Australia Craig Stewart, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Spider Hype and Spider Hyper]] - Disk, Roger Taylor 1992, Trap Spiders in Bottom Half, 128k Ram. 2 versions are made 1 uses 6809 the other uses 6309 chips.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Springster]] - Rompack, 26-3078, Spectral Associates 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Super Pitfall]] - Rompack, 26-3171, 1988. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Super Mastermind]] - Disk, Bill Nobel and Darryl Hildebrandt 1987, Simulation &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sweep]] - Disk, Tim Franklin 2011, 128k, Puzzle game based on Mine Sweeper&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The power stones of ard 2]] - Disk, 3 C&#039;s Projects, 1990, Graphic adventure. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Those Darn Marbles]] - Disk, Oblique Triad, 1990, based on marble maze. 512k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Quest for Thelda]] - Disk, Sundog Systems, 1991, Clone of Zelda. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Quest For The Starlord]] - Disk, Sundog Systems, 198#, graphic adventure, Futuristic Apocalypse game. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[The Contras]] - Disk, Sundog Systems, 1991, Commando Clone. 512k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Thexder]] - Rompack, 26-3072, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Three in a Row]] - Charles Price 198#, Tic Tac Toe simulation 128k Disk&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Trubble]] - John Demchenko, Disk 128k, Game theme Unknown?&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Tetra]] - Disk, Brian O&#039;Neill 1991, Based on the game Tetris, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Vegas Slots]] - Disk, Tom Mix Software, 1987. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Video Cards/Keno]] - Disk, Tom Mix, 1988, Vegas Casino Game. 128k&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Warp Fighter 3-D]] - Disk, Steve Bjork&#039;s 3-D space shooter, also can use 3D Glasses. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Warrior King]] - Disk, Sundog Systems, 1988, Medievel Sword game. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[WarMongar]] - Disk, Sundog Systems, 1991, World Domination style Game, The Author of the game, Greg Wittmeyer(GSW Software). 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Wildwest]] - Disk, Tom Mix 1987, Graphics Adventure, 128k Ram.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[World At War]] - Disk, GSW Software, This game was revised, And then Sold By Sundog Systems, Which is the game renamed WarMongar, But with some enhancements. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Xenion]] - Disk, Diecom Software, 1987-88. space shoot&#039;n up game. 128k Ram, When played on a coco 1/2 it auto detects system to use Coco 1,2 graphics&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Z-89]] - Disk, Game Point Software, 1989, Sequel to Zaxxon(utilising the power of the coco 3). Steve Bjork&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Zenix]] - Disk, Jeremy Spiller, 1990, clone of Galaga. 128k Ram&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OS-9 Level 2 or Nitros-9 Based Games&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Kings Quest 3]] - Disk Os-9 Lv2 512k Sierra On-Line for Tandy Usa, 512k Graphics adventure&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Koronis Rift]], Disk OS-9 Lv2, Ken Rogoway (Lucasfilm Ltd., for Epyx), 1987, Arcade/Strategy  &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Kyum Gai]] - Disk, Sundog Systems, 1991, OS9 version of To be ninja. 256k or 512k needed&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Leisure suit Larry]] -  Chris Iden (Coco/OS-9 conversion) Sierra On-Line 1988, 256 or 512k, Graphics/Adventure &lt;br /&gt;
*[[Rescue on Fractulas]] - Ken Rogoway (Lucasfilm Ltd., for Epyx), 128k Disk, Rescue Stranded people while being fired upon.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Rogue]] - Disk, 26-3297, 198?. 128k Ram Minimum 512k Ram needed for Ascii graphics&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Shanghai]] Rick Adams (Activision) (cartridge original), and Bill Nobel/Alan Dekok (OS-9 version) 256/512k Disk&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sub Battle Simulator]] - Disk, Jesse Taylor &amp;amp; Mike Leber for Epyx, 1987, 128k &lt;br /&gt;
2 other games to be entered in here yet will do when time permits :)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==CoCo 3 Non-games==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[512K SIMM Upgrade]] - Disk, Cloud-9&lt;br /&gt;
*[[ADOS-3]] - Disk, SpectroSystems&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Coco3 Utilities]] - Disk, Color Venture&lt;br /&gt;
*[[CocoMax III]] - Disk, Colorware&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Color Computer Artist]] - Disk, 26-3277&lt;br /&gt;
*[[512k Basic]] - Disk, Microcom Software, 1988.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[WPShel]] - Disk, OS9 Word Processing shell, Colorsystems, 1990.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Disk Defeater]] - Disk, Rsdos, Break any copy protection used,Carl England, 1995&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Backup Magic]] - Disk, Rsdos, Backup any copy protected coco disk on the Market, And can make a emulator running version for DK&#039;s and Mess. Carl England, 2005&lt;br /&gt;
*[[SuperDisk]] - Disk, Rsdos, Sportsware, 198# Look at How programmers create their own copy protection schemes, Even learn to make your own.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[CoCo Family Recorder]] - Disk, requires 80 column monitor and two disc drives. Geneaology database program. Versions for SECB (RS-DOS) and OS-9 were available. FARNA Systems, 1992 - OS-9 version 1995.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==CoCo 1/2 Operating Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[OS-9 Level One]] - multitasking in a single 64K address space.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Flex]] - single tasking OS whose command prompt got Hayes modems&#039; attention.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==CoCo 3 Operating Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
*[[OS-9 Level Two]] - multitasking with memory mapping and windowing.&lt;br /&gt;
*[[NitrOS-9]] - A supercharged, open source version of OS-9 for the CoCo&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{{CatSoftware}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Tandy%27s_Little_Wonder&amp;diff=4558</id>
		<title>Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Tandy%27s_Little_Wonder&amp;diff=4558"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T20:35:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder -- by author Frank Swygert&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; was written after Falsoft (the Rainbow Magazine publisher) aborted their announced Color Computer book. What Falsoft wanted to do was print a collection of previous Rainbow technical articles about the CoCo. I actually contacted Falsoft about writing the book when they mentioned the original editor had to back out. I heard their proposal, but thought what the CoCo community really needed was a &amp;quot;survival guide&amp;quot; more than a compendium of articles. Falsoft wasn&#039;t interested in my proposal, and also told me they have decided not to publish a book at all. I went ahead with my plans and self-published &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder, The Color Computer, 1979-1991, A complete history and reference guide to the CoCo and all&lt;br /&gt;
related hardware, software, and support sources&amp;quot;. Okay, that&#039;s a long title -- &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; (TLW) will suffice! The full title does tell what the book is about though. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m not bragging when I say this, I&#039;m stating a fact -- this book is the single most complete reference available for the CoCo. The Rainbow was going out of print and that was the last big CoCo magazine. There were still a few clubs around that were going strong, but for how long? I wanted to create a history/reference/survival guide -- a compendium of all the CoCo information I could find. I even got permission from Tandy to reproduce the schematics from the service manuals. I wish I still had the originals though -- being scanned from photo copies then converted to PDF files (for the last version) took a toll on clarity of the schematics. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the help of a few others I think I achieved my goal. I sold about 400 copies of the first printing over a 3-4 year period, with most sold in the first two years. In 2006 I decided to make some minor updates (mainly concerning vendors and other current resources) and reissue the book as a free PDF file. I saw no reason to keep it from future CoCo users when everything they need (excpet the BASIC manual) to use and even revive a CoCo is right there in one place. I retain copyright to the book, but have made it freely available at ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/Tandy%27s%20Little%20Wonder/. It can&#039;t be sold, posted to another website, or included on any archive disc without written permission, but feel free to download a copy and to give it to friends with an interest in the CoCo. I can be contacted by e-mail: farna@amc-mag.com.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Tandy%27s_Little_Wonder&amp;diff=4557</id>
		<title>Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Tandy%27s_Little_Wonder&amp;diff=4557"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T20:34:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: wrote TLW entry&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder -- by author Frank Swygert&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; was written after Falsoft (the Rainbow Magazine publisher) aborted their announced Color Computer book. What Falsoft wanted to do was print a collection of previous Rainbow technical articles about the CoCo. I actually contacted Falsoft about writing the book when they mentioned the original editor had to back out. I heard their proposal, but thought what the CoCo community really needed was a &amp;quot;survival guide&amp;quot; more than a compendium of articles. Falsoft wasn&#039;t interested in my proposal, and also told me they have decided not to publish a book at all. I went ahead with my plans and self-published &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder, The Color Computer, 1979-1991, A complete history and reference guide to the CoCo and all&lt;br /&gt;
related hardware, software, and support sources&amp;quot;. Okay, that&#039;s a long title -- &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; (TLW) will suffice! The full title does tell what the book is about though. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m not bragging when I say this -- this book is the single most complete reference available for the CoCo. The Rainbow was going out of print and that was the last big CoCo magazine. There were still a few clubs around that were going strong, but for how long? I wanted to create a history/reference/survival guide -- a compendium of all the CoCo information I could find. I even got permission from Tandy to reproduce the schematics from the service manuals. I wish I still had the originals though -- being scanned from photo copies then converted to PDF files (for the last version) took a toll on clarity of the schematics. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With the help of a few others I think I achieved my goal. I sold about 400 copies of the first printing over a 3-4 year period, with most sold in the first two years. In 2006 I decided to make some minor updates (mainly concerning vendors and other current resources) and reissue the book as a free PDF file. I saw no reason to keep it from future CoCo users when everything they need (excpet the BASIC manual) to use and even revive a CoCo is right there in one place. I retain copyright to the book, but have made it freely available at ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/Tandy%27s%20Little%20Wonder/. It can&#039;t be sold, posted to another website, or included on any archive disc without written permission, but feel free to download a copy and to give it to friends with an interest in the CoCo. I can be contacted by e-mail: farna@amc-mag.com.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Color_Computer_3&amp;diff=4556</id>
		<title>Color Computer 3</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Color_Computer_3&amp;diff=4556"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T20:14:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: added CoCo 3 page&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The Color Computer 3 (catalog # 26-3334) debuted on July 30, 1986, 6 years and 1 day after the debut of the&lt;br /&gt;
original TRS-80 Color Computer. It featured an improved keyboard with standard PC style keys and four additional keys (F1, F2, CTRL, ALT) and a whopping 128K for $219.95. It was expandable up to 512K for an additioanl $149.95 (26-3335). This required a plug-in daughter board and the removal of the four 128K RAM chips. The circuit board was smaller than previous models and was more highly integrated. The SAM chip was replaced by a new integrated video/memory management chip, the GIME (Graphics Interrupt Memory Enhancer). A 2 MHz 68B09E replaced the standard 1 MHz 6809E. Since the CoCo derives its clock from the vidoe clock crystal the CoCo3 didn&#039;t run at a full 2 MHz, but at 1.79MHz, twice the original CoCo clock rate. On power up it only runs at the original clock rate, a POKE is required to initiate double speed operation. The CoCo3 was still capable of bing connected to a TV, but also had composite and RGB (analog) video output. The RGB analog signal was a bit of a tease -- it required a specific monitor, not the then standard (and easier to get cheap used) RGB digital monitor as used by IBM PC clones. Tandy had an answer for that, they made a somewhat affordable CM-8 RGBA monitor available for $299.95. There were a few others on the market that would work, as the Amiga and some Commodore and Atari models used RGBA as well. I believe Tandy decided on RGBA as it was cheaper to pair with TV and composite output.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another new feature is that the CoCo3 operates in all RAM mode all the time. This means that the ROMs are copied into RAM and run from there. Older CoCos that were upgraded to 64K could be run that way, but typically reserved part of their 64K memory access to read the ROMs. Part of the reason for all RAM mode was due to the copyright restrictions on Extended Color BASIC, which was written by Microsoft. A third party, Microware, wrote Super Extended Color BASIC (SECB), which was included with every CoCo3. In order to get around any copyright issues the additioanal SECB commands and enhancements were patched into ECB when in RAM, so the standard ECB code was left alone.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The CoCo 3 was last listed in the first 1991 Tandy Computer Catalog (RSC-22) at $199.95 for the 128K version. A 512K upgrade board with no RAM chips was $39.95, ram chips were $59.95. The CM-8 monitor still listed for $299.95. The listing takes up about 1/3 of page 50 (if you include the data cassette player listing) and the CoCo isn&#039;t even listed in the quick index. Tandy issued two more Computer Catalogs in 1991, RSC-22A and RSC-22E. The CoCo is not listed in RSC-22A. RSC-22E is an educational market catalog and has one page of Color Computer software.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Color_Computer_2&amp;diff=4555</id>
		<title>Color Computer 2</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Color_Computer_2&amp;diff=4555"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T19:37:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The CoCo2 was released in September of 1983. The catalog number was was 26-3026 for a 16K version with standard Color BASIC and it was listed in Radio Shack catalogs at $239.95 (A 64K CoCo 1, #26-3005, listed for $199). The case was a bit smaller than the original CoCo, very similar to the TDP-100. The keyboard was much better than the original CoCo &amp;quot;chicklet&amp;quot; keyboard. They were lower profile than typical modern PC keyboards and the keys were recessed in the center, giving them a &amp;quot;melted&amp;quot; look. The circuit boards were revised to be a bit smaller than previous models and were equipped to run a full 64K. 26-3027 was the number for a 16K Extended Color BASIC model, which was listed for $319.95. A full 64K Extended Color BASIC model (26-3003) retailed for $399.95. A 64K RAM upgrade (26-3017) was &amp;quot;only&amp;quot; $149, and the Extended BASIC ROM upgrade was $79.95, making the $399.95 26-3003 a relative bargain (add the ROM and RAM upgrade to a 16K basic model the total price was $468.90). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prices dropped quickly. In mid 1984 RS cut the price for the 16K standard model to $159.95 and the 16K Extended BASIC model to $199.95. Production then shifted from Tandy&#039;s US plant to a Korean subcontractor. Those models appeared in mid 1984 at the same prices as the previous models, with new model numbers and revised circuit boards. For Christmas 1984 prices were reduced -- $99.95 for a standard Color BASIC 16K model (31-3134), $139.95 for 16K and Extended Color BASIC (31-3136), and $199.95 with 64K and Extended Color BASIC (31-3127). Prices continued to drop as the home computer market got very competitive and IBM PC clones started coming down in price. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To put these prices in perspective, the new for 1985 Tandy 1000, which was an IBM PC clone (actually an enhanced IBM PC Jr. clone that could be upgraded to standard IBM PC specs) was listed at $1199 with 128K RAM and a single 360K floppy drive. An RF modulator could be purchased ($24.95) to use a stnadard TV as a display (limited to 40 columns) or a digital $159.95 monochrome/$549.95 color monitor could be used. The CoCo 2 was a relative bargain, although there were a few IBM clones that could be purchased a bit cheaper than the Tandy 1000. In 1987 the Tandy 1000SX was priced at $849 with 384K of RAM and one 360K floppy drive. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The final CoCo2 was listed in the 1987 Tandy catalog for only $99.95 with 64K and Extended Color BASIC.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Color_Computer_2&amp;diff=4554</id>
		<title>Color Computer 2</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Color_Computer_2&amp;diff=4554"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T19:22:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: wrote CoCo2 page&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The CoCo2 was released in September of 1983. The catalog number was was 26-3026 for a 16K version with standard Color BASIC and it was listed in Radio Shack catalogs at $239.95 (A 64K CoCo 1, #26-3005, listed for $199). The case was a bit smaller than the original CoCo, very similar to the TDP-100. The keyboard was much better than the original CoCo &amp;quot;chicklet&amp;quot; keyboard. They were lower profile than typical modern PC keyboards and the keys were recessed in the center, giving them a &amp;quot;melted&amp;quot; look. The circuit boards were revised to be a bit smaller than previous models and were equipped to run a full 64K. 26-3027 was the number for a 16K Extended Color BASIC model, which was listed for $319.95. A full 64K Extended Color BASIC model (26-3003) retailed for $399.95. A 64K RAM upgrade (26-3017) was &amp;quot;only&amp;quot; $149, and the Extended BASIC ROM upgrade was $79.95, making the $399.95 26-3003 a relative bargain (add the ROM and RAM upgrade to a 16K basic model the total price was $468.90). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prices dropped quickly. In mid 1984 RS cut the price for the 16K standard model to $159.95 and the 16K Extended BASIC model to $199.95. Production then shifted from Tandy&#039;s US plant to a Korean subcontractor. Those models appeared in mid 1984 at the same prices as the previous models, but new model numbers and revised circuit boards. For Christmas 1984 price were reduced -- $99.95 for a standard Color BASIC 16K model (31-3134), $139.95 for 16K and Extended Color BASIC (31-3136), and $199.95 with 64K and Extended Color BASIC (31-3127). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The final CoCo2 was listed in the 1987 Tandy catalog for only $99.95 with 64K and Extended Color BASIC.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=FARNA_Systems_/_68%27_micros&amp;diff=4553</id>
		<title>FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=FARNA_Systems_/_68%27_micros&amp;diff=4553"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T15:52:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: updated links&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavCompanies}}&lt;br /&gt;
FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Publishers of [[World of 68&#039; Micros|&amp;quot;The World of 68 Micros&amp;quot;]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The history below is excerpted from &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; (2006 updated version), with minor editing. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FARNA Systems  -  by F. G. Swygert&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first real program I wrote for the Color Computer was a genealogy database. My father had been working on our family genealogy and asked me if there was a program for the CoCo. We tried using one published in Rainbow, but it wasn&#039;t powerful enough. I then searched the PC SIG database on Delphi for a BASIC genealogy program for the IBM PC. I found one by the name of &amp;quot;Genealogy ON DISPLAY!&amp;quot;. Equipped with a general knowledge of BASIC on both the CoCo and IBM PC (GW-BASIC or BASIC-A), and &amp;quot;BASIC Program Conversions&amp;quot; (HP Books), I proceeded to &amp;quot;convert&amp;quot; the program to the CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is a good reason &amp;quot;convert&amp;quot; is in quotes... it isn&#039;t the correct word! GW-BASIC has several keywords unavailable to the CoCo, variable names can be up to eight characters long, and the memory limit is around 60K, not the CoCos 32K. Genealogy ON DISPLAY! was made up of twelve individual modules. Each one had to be totally re-written to work on the CoCo 3. It wasn&#039;t an easy job... I finally completed the work after a year of on and off laboring. My father would start using each module as it was finished, so the programs were thoroughly debugged. Few bugs found their way into the commercial version, which was ready for the public in early 1991.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had thought of uploading the program to Delphi, but wasn&#039;t about to give away that much work! I started selling the genealogy program early in 1992. I ran my first ad in The Rainbow that May. Up until then, I had been involved with installing point of sell and other programs for small businesses. There wasn&#039;t much work for a small, part time operation in this field, so I turned my attention to my real love, the CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I got my first CoCo thanks to my first hobby and a Timex Sinclair 1500. My first hobby is old cars, specifically sixties AMC/Ramblers, my personal driver being a 1963 Rambler Classic. I wrote and published a book on the history of the AMC Rambler using a typewriter. This lead me to realize a computer would be much easier for that type work! Due to limited funds, an IBM PC was out of the question (PCs were still priced over $1000 with dual floppy drives and a monochrome monitor in 1985!). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I first purchased a Timex Sinclair  T/S 1500 from a pawn shop for $50. I also purchased a couple books on the little beast. I wasn&#039;t much of a typist, so the small calculator type keys wouldn&#039;t present much of a problem. The entire unit was only 8 1/2&amp;quot; wide, 5 1/2&amp;quot; deep, and 1 1/2&amp;quot; thick, with all of 16K RAM.  I soon found one fatal flaw in the 1500. It used a bit by bit printer port that was designed for the little 40 column T/S printer ONLY. No full size printer could use that port, and a serial printer interface would cost $100.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Well, I determined I could get another small computer for that price, as the bottom had fallen out of the &amp;quot;home computer&amp;quot; market. TI99/4A computers were being sold in department stores for $49.95 (around 1985)! I did some research this time around, and decided that of all the small computers, the Tandy Color Computer 2 was the best.  Not only did it have a serial port that many printers would connect to, but the disk drives were standard units except for the controller. I soon located a used CoCo2 for $100... about half the cost of a new one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I started out with a cassette recorder and  Scripsit cartridge. The problem with the cartridge was the lack of an ASCII save feature. I purchased a copy of Telewriter 64 on tape and was in heaven! I then ordered a surplus IBM PC jr. thermal printer and made a special cable to adapt it to my CoCo. I only paid $49 for that printer. It required thermal paper, but was full size. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I eagerly sought all the information I could on my new computer. In many ways, it was just like my Rambler... simple, durable, and efficient, doing its required job with few problems.  I got a subscription to Rainbow, and bought a couple boxes of older magazines from a friend who was switching to an IBM compatible. I saw no reason... my CoCo (by now a CoCo 3 and RGB monitor) did all I needed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I completed my second book, a complete history of all AMC products, on the CoCo 3 in 1992. ASCII files were transferred from the CoCo (written with Simply Better) to a Macintosh at a local copy shop. The book was then assembled using PageMaker and printed on a laser printer. The text quality was exceptional, especially when compared to that first work. It was this book which kept the ads in Rainbow going, as the ads were expensive and software sales weren&#039;t up to justify the cost, though the software was moderately successful.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Falsoft had announced a history of the CoCo, but then told us they wouldn&#039;t be printing due to unexpected problems the authors were having (health problems), but they would reconsider if another author was found. About six months after this I had finished my AMC book. Since I&#039;d have the time to write about the CoCo now, I gave Falsoft a call. I was asked to send in my ideas and a sample of my writing. The idea at Falsoft was to make a compendium of recollections from long time CoCo users, the pioneers of the CoCo as it were. In my opinion, what the CoCo community really needed was an all encompassing reference, not just a simple history. Support was floundering all around us... we needed a collection of all those valuable tid-bits of information that would be helpful to all users! Falsoft turned my ideas down by merely saying they were no longer interested in publishing the history. At that point, I decided to go ahead and write the book, &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, published in 1993. It should be noted that had Falsoft stated that they were interested in printing a history, but not my ideas for a complete reference, I would have been willing to go ahead with whatever they wanted.  In a way, I&#039;m glad it didn&#039;t turn out like that.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When The Rainbow hit an all time low of 16 pages, I was greatly concerned about future CoCo support.  I wrote Mr. Falk a letter expressing an interest in possibly buying out Rainbow. About a week later, I got a call from him. We talked a while, and it was apparent I couldn&#039;t come up with the funds needed for The Rainbow. About two weeks passed and I received another call from Mr. Falk. They were getting ready to cease publication of the Rainbow (this was in February of 1993), and would consider a sum much lower than he had originally mentioned. This lower amount was somewhat attainable, so I discussed the idea with several potential investors. The outcome of these discussions was that they didn&#039;t think it was a reasonable risk, $90-100,000 would be invested in all, but they would be interested in helping to support a new magazine. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I  gave the idea of starting a magazine from scratch some thought.  With the support of several influential CoCo people, I decided it could be done.  I contacted several people who had published small CoCo publications in the past. All had ceased publication, but were willing to give much helpful information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With my research in pricing and publishing in mind, I formulated plans to start a new magazine. In order to survive, the magazine would have to leave the door open for OS-9 and OSK support, but for the present and near future, CoCo Disk BASIC support would be the priority. The title was finalized as &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; (all lower case.. &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot;... letters), with a sub-heading spelling out &amp;quot;Tandy Color Computer, OS-9, OSK&amp;quot;.  This would prevent the necessity of a future name change.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As stated, the primary goal of &amp;quot;68&#039; micros&amp;quot; would be support of the Color Computer. To begin with, the target would be a CoCo BASIC content of around 70% with the remaining 30% coverage for OS-9 and OSK combined. In all fairness, articles that pertained equally to all operating systems would be included in the Cocos&#039; 70% (such as Bill Stamatas&#039; &amp;quot;C Programming&amp;quot; series, which is based on the &amp;quot;CoCo-C&amp;quot; compiler, but can be used with ANY compiler.). Also, the percentages would have to change with the subscriber base. As long as a high percentage was CoCo BASIC users, the content for those would remain high. As people moved away from the CoCo, something that was inevitable, then a higher percentage would be devoted to OS-9 and OSK. I expected the CoCo BASIC users to keep at least 50% of the magazine for the next five years... I myself was primarily a DECB user!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had intended to base percentages on reader surveys, which would be done yearly and when one sent in a subscription form. Unfortunately, there just weren&#039;t enough responses to base anything on. The problem is the old chicken and egg routine. You have to have a chicken to get an egg, but you have to have an egg to get a chicken.  I had DECB users, so I had to support them. In order to attract OS-9/OSK users, I had to show some support, but I needed articles from some of those users to print! And I didn&#039;t want to alienate the DECB users either. So instead of growing in to a new market, I just ended up supporting the old until it just got to be more trouble than it was worth to me. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I spent 40+ hours on each magazine, and earned about $2.00 an hour. I&#039;d grown enough in my own computer needs that the CoCo could no longer fill them, and there was no affordable OS-9/OSK machine that had the software base to do the things I wanted to do. Like most CoCo users, I migrated to a PC clone computer instead of a more expensive and ultimately less capable (due to lack of software) OSK machine. Not only that, but I was getting more involved in my first love, AMC cars, and I had a new wife and family that I needed to spend time with. I just didn&#039;t have time and money for two big hobbies, and my Rambler won out. But don&#039;t think the CoCo was slighted any -- I even told my new wife (celebrated our 10th anniversary in December 2005!) that the Rambler had seniority even over her! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit, and a trip to Chicago for $200-300 was still a bargain. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, and it was a break even proposition. Note that I wasn&#039;t including any overhead costs (computer supplies, space, etc.) when I say I was &amp;quot;making&amp;quot; $2.00 an hour, but that wasn&#039;t a real consideration -- I&#039;d have had a computer and needed space anyway. In reality I only needed a few more office supplies and storage space for 268&#039;m, though I really didn&#039;t need a laser printer and a few other things except for the magazine. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in 1998 I still had a loyal subscriber base of 125-150 people (peak had been just over 400) that still had an interest in the CoCo. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker! We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making much money off the deal. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately that person ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the two I paid for. Around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with the person again, and forgot who it was a long time ago. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think the guy had personal problems (maybe a divorce?) that caused the sudden drop. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Instead of packing my CoCo 3s up and keeping them, I made the tough decision to sell them. I figured that someone willing to pay a fair price for them would have to have a keen interest in the CoCo, and would continue to put them to good use for a while. I sometimes wish I still had one of them, but I don&#039;t regret that they continued in service at least while longer. Being an old car nut, I&#039;ve always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were retired. I do still have a couple CoCo1s and a 2 that I put in storage as future collectibles though. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If anyone wants copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot;, they are available at ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/The%20World%20of%2068%27%20micros%20%5BFARNA%20systems%5D/. You will find other FARNA publications and programs, including &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, at ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/FARNA/. A couple years ago I made all the software publicly accessible. I retain the copyright to the books, but have given that site permission to host them and make them freely available for personal use only -- just don&#039;t sell anything or include it on a web site or archive collection (to sell or give away) without written permission from me (website below).  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FARNA Systems is still in the small publishing business. Currently I&#039;m printing an AMC/Rambler quarterly magazine and working on a couple more AMC/Rambler publications. I also provide services to others who wish to get their small publishing projects off the ground. See the FARNA Systems web site at http://www.amc-mag.com.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Color_Computer_FAQ&amp;diff=4552</id>
		<title>Color Computer FAQ</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Color_Computer_FAQ&amp;diff=4552"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T15:34:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: added HDB-DOS&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavFAQs}}&lt;br /&gt;
=Hardware=&lt;br /&gt;
==What is a CoCo?==&lt;br /&gt;
The name TRS Color Computer, known as CoCo by its owners, refers to a familiy of Motorola 6809-based personal computers made by Radio Shack and produced from 1981 (CoCo 1) until 1990 (CoCo 3). Each CoCo comes with a variation of Microsoft BASIC built-in its ROM. Differing from an Apple ][+, //e, or an IBM, CoCos comes with a variety of I/O ports built-in.  On the rear panel of the unit are connections for 2 analog Joysticks, Serial I/O (which can handle data transfer up to 9600 baud), cassette I/O, and TV/monitor output.   On the right side, there is a cartridge slot.  Cartridges that support various functions, contain games, or drive peripherals can be inserted.  Use of a multipack (or MPI) allowed multiple cartridges to be inserted.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What models were there?==&lt;br /&gt;
The different CoCo models are as follows: &lt;br /&gt;
* CoCo 1 - The first Color Computer, it was first sold in 1980 and originally had only Color BASIC, 4Kb of memory, 32-column  screen, and a chicklet keyboard.  It was based on a design originally from Motorola.  It used a .89MHz MC6809E.  A compact cassette recorder or Program Paks were used.  Later versions came with 16Kb/32Kb/64Kb and Extended Color BASIC.  Disk BASIC was the required environment to handle disk drives, and some third-parties created their own improved but compatible Disk Operating Systems (DOS).  By changing  memory chips, setting jumpers, and removing some capacitors,  the CoCo 1 memory could be expanded up to 64Kb, minimum to run OS-9 Level 1. &lt;br /&gt;
* CoCo 2 - The Color Computer 2 is a refined -- but fully compatible --version of the original Color Computer.  The refinements consist mostly of a new, smaller case with a typewriter-looking keyboard and redesigned motherboard. Also, the later CoCo 2s wwere able to generate true lowercase letters (NOTE: later model CoCo 2s that said &amp;quot;Tandy&amp;quot; instead of TRS-80 had the lowercase) instead of &amp;quot;reverse video&amp;quot;.  Besides that, it has the same 64Kb/32-column limitation of its antecessor.  This CoCo was in the same price range of machines as the Atari 8-bit series  and the Commodore 64. &lt;br /&gt;
* CoCo 3 - The last Color Computer has quite a collection of improvements as compared to the previous machines:  true  80-column, higher resolution graphics, and more memory -- the barebones configuration comes with 128 Kb of RAM that can be expanded up to 512k through Tandy, but up to 2Mb from third-party vendors.  It was intended more as competition for Atari&#039;s ST series and the original Commodore Amiga.  The CoCo 3 can run OS-9 Level 2.  The CoCo 3 also allowed the famous speed-up poke (POKE 65497,0 and POKE 65496,0) to double the clock speed to 1.78 mhz. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There were also some companies that manufactured CoCo clones: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Dragon  64       -  CoCo 1 clone made by Tano. Had seperate parallel I/O. &lt;br /&gt;
*TDP System 100    -  CoCo 1 clone made by Tandy and sold outside RS &lt;br /&gt;
*Fujitsu  FM-7     -  Had Microsoft Basic and used Level I OS-9 and FLEX &lt;br /&gt;
*MC-10 &amp;quot;Baby CoCo&amp;quot; -  made by Tandy-Radio Shack using an MC6803 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What graphic modes were there?== &lt;br /&gt;
The CoCo 2 was capable of uppercase only on a 32x16 screen with 8 colors.  To show lowercase, the CoCo 2 used inverse video.  Later versions of the CoCo 2 showed real lower-case.  In this &amp;quot;text&amp;quot; mode, there were also 64 x 32 &amp;quot;pixels&amp;quot; that could be set using the SET command, or drawn with CHR$.  The CoCo 2 also had a maximum resolution of 256 x 192 with 2 colors.  But by alternating light and dark lines, false or &amp;quot;artifact&amp;quot; colors could be made, mainly red and blue.  Maximum colors in the CoCo 2 was 8 total.  Here are all the possible graphic resolutions:  32x16x8, 64x32x8, 128x96x2, 128x96x4, 128x192x2, 128x192x4, and 256x192x2.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Various software fixes were developed to improve the text screen.  Telewriter 64 used the hi-res graphics screen, and drew each letter on the screen as the user typed.  Machine-language made it very quick!  Early on, RAINBOW (I think), featured a program called Screen51, which, once loaded and EXECed, would show all the text on the hi-res screen.  The advantage was that you could now mix graphics and text.  The disadvantage was that the 51 columns were very squished together.  But hey, you had 51 columns and true lowercase! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There were also various &amp;quot;semigraphics&amp;quot; modes, available only to assembly language, including some that allowed text on the top half, and graphics on the bottom.  Robert Gault has a little info about one of the semigraphics modes called Semigraphics24. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The CoCo 3 supported all the standard CoCO 2 graphic modes, plus added:  a 40 column and 80 column screen with true lower case, underline, and blink; 320x192x4, 320x192x16, 640x192x2, and 640x192x4.  The semigraphics modes of the CoCo 2 were done away with.  A special RAM based character set was also available with commands to put text onto the graphic screens. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The new CoCo 3 supported a total of 64 colors, any 16 could be active.  This made using color very flexible, but a little confusing.  For example, if the HCOLOR was set to 3, and a line was drawn, the line would be color 3.  Color 3 could have been any of the 64 available.  By using the PALETTE command, the user could assign the 64 colors to the 16 &amp;quot;slots&amp;quot;.  If color 45 was assigned to slot 3, the line above would have been color 45.  Unfortunately, the colors shown on an RGB monitor were different than on a composite monitor.  Various software tricks exist to show more than 16 at a time. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There were also programs and POKEs to obtain 320x200x16 and 320x200x225 (and 640x200 and 640x225).  In addition, horizontal and vertical scrolling was possible through the hardware.  POKEing to certain locations caused the entire screen to scroll at a pixel level left, right, up and/or down.  Page-flipping could also be done extremely quickly simply by telling the CoCo that the data in RAM for the graphics was somewhere else.  This would be immediately mapped into the video screen. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The video output was also used to generate interrupts.  There were two on all CoCos, and I think that the CoCo 3 had one more. The two common ones were the vertical interrupt every 1/60th of a second (commonly called the IRQ), and a fast interrupt, or FIRQ, connected to the horizontal sync pulse (approx. 63 microseconds, I think).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What about that replacement CPU?==&lt;br /&gt;
The replacement CPU was one of the biggest pieces of news to come out in the early 1990s.  The Hitachi 63B09E chip is fully compatible with the original 68B09E.  Added advantages were that it ran cooler, some internal operations were faster, and there were extra registers in the CPU.  &lt;br /&gt;
The 6309 had two modes; &amp;quot;6809&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;native&amp;quot;.  When powered up, it defaulted to 6809-mode.  This made it completely compatible with the original 6809 from Motorola, even down to the number of clock cycles to execute internal instructions.  When sent a certain string, it would switch to native-mode.  Under RS-DOS, users could expect perhaps a 15% speed boost.  However, since the timing of certain instructions was shortened, disk operation, printer, and cassette use was affected and unreliable.  Due to the nature of OS/9, though, speed increases of 30% to 50% were possible, and disk operation was normal.  The additional increases were due to patches in the OS that took advantage of the additional registers, etc.  Burke and Burke released PowerBoost, a software set of patches to OS/9, that gave the additional speed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The downside of all this was that the original 6809 was soldered to the motherboard.  To replace it, it would be cut out, each of the 40 pins desoldered, a socket installed, and then the 6309 was plugged into the socket. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another OS, called NitrOS9 was also updated for use with the 6309.  More will be covered in the FAQ-Software link, but you can visit the NitrOS9 page for info.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tell me about disk drives. ==&lt;br /&gt;
The CoCo disk standard disk system from Radio Shack consisted of a single vertical, later horizontal, 5.25 inch single-sided, 35 track drive.  A second drive could be added inside the case.  The drive unit containing a power supply (and optional fan) was connected to a Disk Controller by an approx. 2 foot ribbon cable.  Some cables were bundled into a thick round case.  The Controller plugged into the side of the CoCo, and contained the Disk Operating System, or DOS.  The standard DOS that came from the Shack is usually known as RS-DOS.  However, many vendors provided enhanced support for double- sided drives, 40 and 80 tracks, wildcard directories, etc.  Versions included A-DOS, J-DOS, MK-DOS, and DR-DOS.  A-DOS was very popular due to its ability to handle different sized drives.  Many of the later Shack drives were actually 40 track drives, but under RS-DOS, only 35 were accessable. Jump to the Software FAQ and read about DOS versions. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A typical single-sided disk contained 68 granules.  Each granule was a little more than 2k, so a single disk could hold approx. 156k.  The CoCo supported up to 4 drives.  Through software and various versions of DOS you could have either 4 singled sided disks, or 2 double-sided, with the second side of each disk being assigned another drive number.  I may be wrong, but third-party vendors may have supported &amp;quot;true&amp;quot; double-sided drives, in which both sides are assigned and accessed with one drive designation.  The CoCo used drive 0 as the prmiary drive, and drives 1,2, and 3 as the additional ones.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It&#039;s interesting to note that many people started using &amp;quot;flippies&amp;quot;.  By notching a single-sided disk, you could flip it over and save more on the other side.  But because the disk platter was spinning the opposite direction relative to the first side, these &amp;quot;flippy&amp;quot; disks could not be read in a double-sided drive!  Many people also issued warning that the flip-side was not certified for data, that by spinning it backwards the heads would wear out, etc. etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very first disk controller required both 12 volts and 5 volts from the CoCo, but CoCo 2 and CoCo 3 did not provide the 12 voltes on the cartridge slot, so unless you had a 12 volt adaptor hot-wired into the original controller, it couldn&#039;t be used with the newer CoCos. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Amdek of Illinois sold the AMDISK system which used 3 inch &amp;quot;micro-floppies&amp;quot;, which could hold 312k each.  RAINBOW 1983 shows a rather cool looking AMDISK hooked to a CoCo 1, and a headline that says &amp;quot;624k&amp;quot; and a footnote saying that the extra 312k can &amp;quot;be accessed by manually flipping the media over&amp;quot;.  Not sure what sort of DOS was required to access the 312k.  Further info in RAINBOW indicates the system came with a controller, and two drives, each holding 156k, so 156k x 2 drives x flipping each one = 624k  Since each disk actually holds the same as a regular 5.25&amp;quot; disk, it&#039;s likely that regular RS-DOS could be used. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What is a multipack? ==&lt;br /&gt;
The multipak is a device that allows the CoCo to use of up to 4 paks at a time.  It is normally used by people who have multiple devices that need to be used simultaneously, such as OS-9 users. &lt;br /&gt;
A possible combination is as follows: &lt;br /&gt;
   1 RS-232 Pak &lt;br /&gt;
   2 Orchestra-90 Pak &lt;br /&gt;
   3 Speech &amp;amp; Sound Pak &lt;br /&gt;
   4 floppy drive controller pak.  &amp;lt;-floppy controller ALWAYS in slot 4 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are 2 ways to access a given slot.  One is with the switches and the second is by storing values in control memory locations. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Multipacks had to be &amp;quot;patched&amp;quot; with a small chip (known as a PAL chip) to work correctly with a CoCo 3, due to memory map problems. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Multipacks (or MPIs) were the recommended way of connecting multiple cartridges.  Some people had success with y-cables.  A y-cable plugged into the cartridge slot and provided two short ribbon cables, each with a female-slot connector.  Two deviced could be then connected, usually a disk drive, and something else.  Triple -y-cables were also made.  However, since the y-cables made the CoCo bus just a little longer, the operation of the CoCo was sometimes unreliable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What is the wiring matrix for the keyboard?==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                Color Computer Keyboard Array &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 1 --- @ --- A --- B --- C --- D --- E --- F --- G &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 2 --- H --- I --- J --- K --- L --- M --- N --- O &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 3 nc  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 4 --- P --- Q --- R --- S --- T --- U --- V --- W &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 5 --- X --- Y --- Z -- UP -- DWN - LFT - RGT - SPACE &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 6 --- 0 -- 1! -- 2&amp;quot; -- 3# -- 4$ -- 5% -- 6&amp;amp; -- 7&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 7 -- 8( -- 9) -- :* -- ;+ -- ,&amp;lt; -- -= -- .&amp;gt; -- /? &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 8 -- ENT - CLR - BRK - ALT - CTL - F1 -- F2 - SHIFT &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |    |     | &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 9 -----     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                    |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 10 ----------     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                          |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 11 ----------------     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                                |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 12 ----------------------     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                                      |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 13 ----------------------------     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                                            |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 14 ----------------------------------     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                                                  |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 15 ----------------------------------------     | &lt;br /&gt;
                                                        | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 16 ---------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
CoCo 2 keyboard is identical, except no CTL, F1, F2, or ALT.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==How do I use the RS-232C i/o port (a.k.a. &amp;quot;bit-banger&amp;quot;)?==&lt;br /&gt;
If you are in RSDOS, you can connect a modem to the CoCo serial port, rather than through a separate RS-232 Pack.  The nice thing in this setting is that you can have a modem and a floppy drive controller connected to the CoCo without needing a Multipak.  As far as I know, the fastest you can go using the CoCo serial port is 9600 baud (using Twilight Term).  Speeds of up to 19,200 were available using an RS-232 Pack. Under OS-9, it does at 300 baud and sorta-sorta at 1200 (there was a CoCo OS9 BBS ran by Tim Johns at 1200 baud through the bitbanger) and the improved 1200 baud bitbanger driver reportedly does it better, though slowing things down. &lt;br /&gt;
List of Materials for a CoCo RS-232C to true-RS-232 cable for a modem: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   1   DIN-4 connector, male &lt;br /&gt;
   1   DB-25 connector, male (though here it depends on your  modem) &lt;br /&gt;
   6ft of 4-wire cable (ideally you get a shielded cable with 3 wires inside;  If you can get such cable, connect the GND pin in the pinout below to be the shield) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What are the POKEs for the baud speed?==&lt;br /&gt;
These POKEs set the baud speed for the modem and/or printer. &lt;br /&gt;
For example for baud rate on COLOR COMPUTER enter at command line: &lt;br /&gt;
POKE 150,X - where &amp;quot;X&amp;quot; is one of the following poke numbers: &lt;br /&gt;
POKE#     BAUD RATE &lt;br /&gt;
 180         300 &lt;br /&gt;
  87         600 &lt;br /&gt;
  41        1200 &lt;br /&gt;
  18        2400 &lt;br /&gt;
   7        4800 &lt;br /&gt;
   1        9600&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the MC-10 &amp;quot;Baby CoCo&amp;quot;, the command is: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
POKE 16932,X  - where &amp;quot;X&amp;quot; is one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;
POKE#     BAUD RATE &lt;br /&gt;
 241         300 &lt;br /&gt;
 118         600 &lt;br /&gt;
  57        1200 &lt;br /&gt;
  26        2400 &lt;br /&gt;
  10        4800 &lt;br /&gt;
   9        9600&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What is the pin-out for the cartridge slot?==&lt;br /&gt;
A nifty project in RAINBOW connected a toggle switch between the HALT line and ground.  By activating the switch, the CPU would finish its current instruction, then stop completely.  This became a nice pause feature during games, since the entire state of the CPU stayed the same. &lt;br /&gt;
Also, by covering pin 8 on the cartridge, ROM-packs could be inserted without them starting up.  It is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS to insert a ROM-Pack with the CoCo switched on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
    Color Computer 1, 2, &amp;amp; 3 Cartridge Connector Definitions &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
------------------------------------------------------------ &lt;br /&gt;
| PIN | SIGNAL NAME | DESCRIPTION                          | &lt;br /&gt;
|-----|-------------|--------------------------------------| &lt;br /&gt;
|  1  |   N.C.      | (-12 VDC on CoCo 1 and 2)            | &lt;br /&gt;
|  2  |   N.C.      | (+12 VDC on CoCo 1 and 2)            | &lt;br /&gt;
|  3  |   HALT*     | Halt input to the CPU                | &lt;br /&gt;
|  4  |   NMI*      | Non-Maskable Interrupt to the CPU    | &lt;br /&gt;
|  5  |   RESET*    | Main Reset and Power-up Clear        | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
|  6  |   E CLOCK   | Main CPU Clock                       | &lt;br /&gt;
|  7  |   Q CLOCK   | Clock which leads E by 90 degrees    | &lt;br /&gt;
|  8  |   CART*     | Rom-Pak Detection Interrupt          | &lt;br /&gt;
|  9  |   +5 VDC    | +5 Volts DC (300 mA)                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 10  |   DATA 0    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 0                 | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 11  |   DATA 1    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 1                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 12  |   DATA 2    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 2                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 13  |   DATA 3    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 3                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 14  |   DATA 4    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 4                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 15  |   DATA 5    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 5                 | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 16  |   DATA 6    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 6                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 17  |   DATA 7    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 7                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 18  |   R/W*      | CPU Read/Write Signal                | &lt;br /&gt;
| 19  |   ADDR 0    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 0              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 20  |   ADDR 1    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 1              | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 21  |   ADDR 2    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 2              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 22  |   ADDR 3    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 3              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 23  |   ADDR 4    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 4              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 24  |   ADDR 5    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 5              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 25  |   ADDR 6    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 6              | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 26  |   ADDR 7    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 7              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 27  |   ADDR 8    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 8              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 28  |   ADDR 9    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 9              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 29  |   ADDR 10   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 10             | &lt;br /&gt;
| 30  |   ADDR 11   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 11             | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 31  |   ADDR 12   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 12             | &lt;br /&gt;
| 32  |   CTS*      | Cartridge (ROM) Select Signal        | &lt;br /&gt;
| 33  |   GROUND    | Signal Ground                        | &lt;br /&gt;
| 34  |   GROUND    | Signal Ground                        | &lt;br /&gt;
| 35  |   SND       | Cartridge Sound Input                | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 36  |   SCS*      | Spare Cartridge (DISK) Select Signal | &lt;br /&gt;
| 37  |   ADDR 13   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 13             | &lt;br /&gt;
| 38  |   ADDR 14   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 14             | &lt;br /&gt;
| 39  |   ADDR 15   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 15             | &lt;br /&gt;
| 40  |   SLENB*    | Input to Disable Internal Devices    | &lt;br /&gt;
------------------------------------------------------------ &lt;br /&gt;
* are LOW (0 volts) to activate&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== What is the pin-out for the cassette and joystick ports?==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What is the pin-out of the RGB connector on the bottom of the CoCo 3? ==&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Pin 6 is missing on the connector (for polarity) and pin 10 is no connection.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tell me about CoCo Emulators for the PC (DOS/Windows/Mac/etc.) ==&lt;br /&gt;
With the advent of powerful 80xxx and Pentium-level computers, emulators have appeared for almost every &amp;quot;older&amp;quot; computer.  There are several emulators for the CoCo.  One of the most popular is Jeff Vavasour&#039;s CoCo 3 Emulator.  It almost fully implements a CoCo 3 on a DOS or Windows machine.  DX/4-100 is recommended (or better!)  His emulator features ability to read CoCo disks (and write them) software duplicated interrupts, external sound on SB, full graphic support, debug utilities, speed controls, high-res joystick and mouse support, and a port program to move files between the MS-DOS and CoCo environment.  You can also visit the TR-80 page for links to other emulators.  As of March, 1999, rumors were around that a Windows-based DirectX CoCo Emulator by Russ LeBang was under development.  This is exciting news.  The current emulators require too much processing time to emulate the CoCo GIME chip, which was capable of page-flipping, hardware scrolling, etc.  Whereas the current emulators cannot do these features fast enough to look like a real CoCo, perhaps a native Windows DirectX application will.  A PowerPC version is also in the works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== What kind of hardware is available? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Dozens of hardware add-ons/peripherals were created for the CoCo.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Clock/Chip Accelerators: ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The safest way (in my opinion) to gain speed is to install a 6309 chip, and then run OS/9.  Even under RS-DOS, a 10%-15% increase could be achieved with patches to the OS. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another possible way is to replace the crystal on the CoCo motherboard.  This will increase the pulses going to the CPU which is externally driven, and rated up to 2 mhz continuous operation.  However, this crystal also drives the printer, cassette, and serial ports, plus disk drive operation, and video out.  All of those would be messed up. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A clever and unique way which is gaining popularity was developed by John Kowalski, a.k.a. Sockmaster.  He attached a custom-built circuit to the 6809.  It detected whether the CPU needed to access the system bus (which it must do for memory, disk, video, etc.).  If the CPU did not- that is, the CPU was busy executing some internal instructions- the circuit would insert an extra clock pulse to the CPU between the regular ones.  If the CPU needed to access the bus, no extra cycles were inserted, and normal speed operation took place.  This increased the CoCo speed by approx. 25%- 40% but kept video, disk, printer, etc. working normally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Memory/Disks: ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The standard CoCo 3 came with 128k, and could be expanded to 512k.  Kits were manufactured for 1 meg, although only OS-9 could really make use of this memory.  I think 2 megs was also available under OS-9.  With 512, or 1 meg, the CoCo 3 could have 1 or 2 RAMDisks.  When the CoCo 2 came out, there were bubble-memory kits for extra RAM, and/or RAMDrives in a cartridge.  Recently, a kit has been developed that uses a 1 meg SIMM chip.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Printers: ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Radio Shack offered several DMP Dot Matrix printers.  Most had dual serial and Centronics interfaces.  Some vendors offered Serial-to Parallel converters (EG Blue Streak Ultima) that would allow the CoCo to hook up to any standard printer with a Centronics parallel interface.  Epson-FX and SX printers wer also popular, as was the Radio Shack CGP-115, or Color Graphics Printer.  Work was attempted at creating drivers for laser and inkjet printers. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Monitors:=== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The CoCo 1 and 2 had RF converters inside them.  They would be hooked to the antenna inputs of a TV or VCR.  The signal was sent on channel 3 or 4.  For the CoCo 3, Radio Shack offered the CM-3 and CM-8 for the CoCo.  (The CoCo 3 featured the RF converter, a composite video and audio out, and a special analog-RGB port underneath).  The CM-3 produced a rather poor image, but the CM-8 was quite acceptable.  The Magnavox 8CM515 was a popular non-Tandy monitor with even sharper resolution.  It also had the option of switching to composite for those weird artifact colors on the original CoCo 2.  TV and composite outputs were satisfactory for images, and standard 32 column and 40 column text, but 80 column was unreadable without a good monitor. &lt;br /&gt;
Many other monitors that accept analog RGB, plus separate VSYNC and HSYNC pulses could also work.  Some othe rmonitors, though, require a mixed SYNC pulse, or an inverted one, and conversion kits were available. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There was also a Word Pak for the old CoCo 1 and 2.  Its output goes to a monocrome monitor.  Word Pak RS/80 allows having 80 x 24 text under RSDOS and OS-9. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other vendors also made kits to create better quality composite output on the CoCo 1 and 2, and/or lowercase using an external character ROM chip.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Modems: ===&lt;br /&gt;
Many external modems worked perfectly with the CoCo 2 and 3.  As far as cartridge modems go, the Direct Connect Modem Pak was a 300 baud modem designed for the CoCo.  The modem pak does have a communications program built in its ROM, but it&#039;s not that sophisticated.  For those of you who do not stand the built-in communications program, there are several PD terminal packages that may suit your needs, as well as some VERY NICE commercial ones.  Marty Goodman, MD, also published a way to modify a DC Modem Pack and make it an RS-232 pack, capable of 19,200 baud. &lt;br /&gt;
For a CoCo 3, there are V-TERM for RSDOS and KBCom and DeskMate 3 for OS-9.  If you can get files from listserv, there is a PD version of KBCom on it. The commercial version is said to be much better but I have never seen it.  If you decide on V-TERM, Rick&#039;s Computer Enterprises may be able to sell you a copy.  Jump to the Software FAQ and read about other communication software.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Miscellaneous: ===&lt;br /&gt;
Other popular add-ons included the joysticks, deluxe self-centering joysticks, a mouse, an x-pad, dozens of utility and game program packs, video digitizers, hard-drive interfaces, real-time clocks, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hi-res joystick adaptor was developed.  It plugged into the serial port and joystick port.  A regular CoCo joystick/mouse was then plugged into the adaptor.  This boosted the resolution of the joystick from 64x64, to 640x640 (I think). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Exciting recent (Feb. 1999) news includes the possibility of a cartridge with an IDE interface, real-time clock, parallel port, and &amp;quot;speed doubler&amp;quot; for the CoCo 3.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Software =&lt;br /&gt;
= Software =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What are the (disk) operating systems available to the CoCo? ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RS-DOS]] was the original disk OS for the CoCo. Officially it is not a DOS, but an extension of Color BASIC to allow disk access. Without a disk drive, the CoCos would run Color BASIC, and you had to purchase the Extended Color BASIC ROM to take advantage of extra graphics! Plugging in the standard (although there were two versions) Radio Shack disk controller, gave you Disk Extended Basic, or RS-DOS.  Standard RS-DOS is reviewed in the hardware FAQ.  Essentially, the standard disk commands were available, including DIR, OPEN, SAVE, LOAD, CLOSE, INPUT, WRITE, KILL, DSKINI (format), BACKUP, and COPY. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[A-DOS]] was developed by Art Flexser.  It came in three versions, ADOS for the CoCo 1 and 2, and ADOS 3 &amp;amp; Extended ADOS 3 for the CoCo 3.  It was 100% compatible with RS-DOS if you didn&#039;t need to patch Disk BASIC, and added features to RS-DOS, noteably  40 and 80 track drive support. ADOS came on a disk, and could be loaded into the CoCo, or you could customize ADOS, program an EPROM, and use the EPROM as your disk ROM, therefore booting your CoCo with ADOS.  This was a neat, because many users then set their CoCos to boot with the 80 column screen.  It also ran the CoCo at double-speed, even during disk and printer i/o, featured auto- line numbering, arrow scroll through listings, auto edit of errors, macros, etc. Extended ADOS 3 added things like parellel printer output (assuming you had the right hardware), wildcard filenames, and a RAMdisk. This was arguably the most popular modified RS-DOS used with the CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[OS-9]] Level 1 (for CoCo 1 and 2) and Level 2 (for CoCo 3) was a completely different OS than the RS-DOS versions.  OS-9 supported the full 512k of RAM (on a CC3), multi-tasking, multiple windows, etc.  The modular approach allowed users to add or change code modules for additional features, such as 40/80 double-sided drive support. OS-9 Level 1 was for the 32k and 64K CoCo 1 and 2, but was very limited with only 64K of memory.  OS-9 Level 2 was a welcomed upgrade.  I think there was a Level 3 upgrade unofficially released, but I&#039;m not sure what was upgraded in terms of performance. The main upgrade was support for up to 2MB of RAM. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[J-DOS]] was sold by J&amp;amp;M Systems of New Mexico.  J-DOS supported all RS-DOS commands, auto-line numbering, error trapping, baud selection, os/9 boot, memory minder(disk check program) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[MY-DOS]] was sold by HawkSoft.  It was customizable and EPROMable.  Features that it added to RS-DOS included lowercase program entry, SAY command for S/S Pak, point/click disk directory, double-sided 40 track drives, screen power-up options &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[MKJ DOS]] and MKJ3 DOS were sold through CoCo Connection of Philadelphia.  They were EPROMable, and included the following features:  80 track DS drives, wildcards, alphabetical and dated file listings, full screen BASIC editor, spelled-out errors, repeat key, SAY (for S/S Pak), plus other special commands for editing. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[SCS DOS]] was also EPROMable, and sold through Second City Software.  From what I could find, it added 24 new disk commands and 2 new hi-res screens, 40 tracks/DS disks, 6 ms stepping, disk search, and error trapping (the error trapping leads me to believe it worked for the CoCo 1 and 2) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[OWLDOS]] was sold through OWL-WARE, of Mertztown, PA.  OWLDOS claimed 25% faster disk access, double sided drives, and correction of a floating point error. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[SPECTRUM DOS]] (again, EPROMable) sold by Spectrum Products of New York.  Added 24 new disk commands, 2 new hi-res screens, 40 track and double-sided drives, 6ms step, disk search, error trapping (sounds a lot like SCS DOS) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RGB-DOS]] was sold by Burke and Burke of Washington. The main feature was adding hard drive support for RS-DOS. It did this by dividing a hard drive into 255 virtual floppy drives and adding commands to switch among these virutal floppies. It was compatible with all software that used the RS-DOS disk I/O ROM routines, but was incompatible with any software (mostly games) that used their own disk I/O to save memory or time. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[HDB-DOS]] Currently supported and sold by Cloud-9 (http://www.frontiernet.net/~mmarlette/Cloud-9/Support/HDB-DOS%20FAQ.html). This is an updated version of RGB-DOS. Cloud-9 obtained permission to sell and modify RGB-DOS from the original author. The main upgrade is supporting several different hard drive controllers, which were not in existence when RGB-DOS was written. Several RGB-DOS bugs were also corrected. The name was changed to avoid confusion with the older product and to better keep track of subsequent versions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[STAR DOS]] sold by Star Kits of New York for the CoCo 2 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[DOUBLE-DOS BASIC]] sold by Double Density Software of Texas allowed the CoCo 2 to use 35,40 and 80 single/double sided drives together, and added reset-protection.  100% compatible with RS-DOS. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[AMDISK]] was a 3 inch micro-floppy system sold by Amdek.  The disk held 312k (flippable for 624k).  Not sure if a patched RS-DOS or a special &amp;quot;AMDISK-DOS&amp;quot; was used to gain access to these little cartridges.  Further literature in RAINBOW indicates that the AMDISK came with a controller, and two drives, each disk holding 156k on one side.  So we have 2 disks x 156k x flipping each over = 624k!  Since each disk actually holds the same as a standard RS floppy, it&#039;s very possible that the regular RS-DOS could be used. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[FLEX]] was a product of Technical Systems Inc, of North Carolina.  The official name was &amp;quot;6809 FLEX Operating System&amp;quot;.  FLEX was then &amp;quot;ported&amp;quot; to the CoCo under the name of &amp;quot;The FLEX 9.0 Disk Operating System for teh Radio Shack Color Computer using 64k RAM&amp;quot; by Steve Odneal, or Missouri, and licensed to Computer Publishing Inc, or Tennessee.  FLEX was competition of the very popular (at the time) CP/M system for the 8080 and Z80 chips.  CP/M could be considered a forerunner to what we now call DOS on the PC.  FLEX worked very well on a 64k CoCo, whereas apparently OS-9 Level 1 did not work as well on a 64k CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[NitrOS-9]] is the only DOS for the CoCo that is still supported. It is essentially an upgrade of OS-9. There are versions for the CoCo 1 and 2 (requires 64K) and the CoCo 3 with either a 6809 or the enhanced 6309 processor. There are continual updates to the system. It supports up to 2MB of RAM and has many enhancements over the original OS-9 Level 2, too many to list. More information and current downloads can be found at http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/nitros9/index.php?title=Main_Page&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What are the languages available to the CoCo? ==&lt;br /&gt;
 Without disk drive: &lt;br /&gt;
 - Assembler (tape) &lt;br /&gt;
 - Basic (built-in, old CoCo 1s) &lt;br /&gt;
 - Extended Basic (built-in, newer CoCo 1 and newer models) &lt;br /&gt;
 RS-DOS:(and compatible variations of RS-DOS) &lt;br /&gt;
 - Assembler &lt;br /&gt;
 - Disk BASIC (built-in) &lt;br /&gt;
 - Compiled BASIC (Sometimes called C-BASIC) &lt;br /&gt;
 - C &lt;br /&gt;
 - FORTH &lt;br /&gt;
 - DAC-FORTH &lt;br /&gt;
 - DEFT Pascal &lt;br /&gt;
 - LOGO &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 OS-9: &lt;br /&gt;
 - APL &lt;br /&gt;
 - Assembler &lt;br /&gt;
 - BASIC-09 &lt;br /&gt;
 - C &lt;br /&gt;
 - COBOL &lt;br /&gt;
 - Forth  (sold as Forth09) &lt;br /&gt;
 - Pascal &lt;br /&gt;
 - PILOT &lt;br /&gt;
 - RSB &lt;br /&gt;
 - Sculptor &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FLEX &lt;br /&gt;
- Crunch COBOL marketed through Frank Hogg Labs&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Which communication programs can I get for the CoCo?== &lt;br /&gt;
  Name Format Type VT100? ANSI? Protocols * Auto &lt;br /&gt;
dial?** Other &lt;br /&gt;
KBCom OS-9 sw/com yes  xy z*** yes double high/wide support &lt;br /&gt;
WindowWriter OS-9 com     CoCo 3/Level II &lt;br /&gt;
V-term DOS com yes no xy &amp;amp; x/crc yes VT-52, 80x28, Vidtex, serial port to 2400 &lt;br /&gt;
Kermit DOS free  no kermit no  &lt;br /&gt;
Kermit OS-9 free   kermit   &lt;br /&gt;
OSTerm OS-9 share yes partial xy yes  &lt;br /&gt;
SuperComm OS-9 free  partial xy z*** yes  &lt;br /&gt;
Greg-E-Term DOS share   x   &lt;br /&gt;
Greg-E-Term DOS com   xy y-batch   &lt;br /&gt;
AutoTerm DOS/Cass com  no x yes scripting, also doubled as a basic word processor &lt;br /&gt;
X-Term OS-9 com  no x   &lt;br /&gt;
VIP Terminal DOS/Cart com     32/51/64/85x21/24 &lt;br /&gt;
for CoCo 1,2,3 &lt;br /&gt;
Warp 1 OS-9 com  no  yes macros, timer &lt;br /&gt;
DataPack III DOS com yes no x  macros, RAMdisk, 80x28 &lt;br /&gt;
Wiz OS-9 com no no x/kermit yes VT-52 &lt;br /&gt;
ColorCom/E DOS com  no x  CoCo 2, 51x24 &lt;br /&gt;
MikeyTerm DOS share   x yes Autodial with MikeyDial program &lt;br /&gt;
DelphiTerm DOS share   xy yes macros, RAMdisk, not just for Delphi users &lt;br /&gt;
Ultimaterm DOS share yes  xy yes key repeat, VT-52 &lt;br /&gt;
TwilightTerm DOS share no yes none yes claims up to 9600 through the serial port with no lost characters! &lt;br /&gt;
DFT II DOS/Cass com no no only ASCII no CoCo 1 and 2 &lt;br /&gt;
ColorTerm Plus DOS/Cass com no no  no  &lt;br /&gt;
DYTERM Cart/Cass com     &amp;quot;BASIC program with m/l subroutines&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
TermTalk DOS/Cass com     when combined with Spech Systems &amp;quot;VOICE&amp;quot;, it will read the terminal text to you &amp;quot;just like in the movie War Games&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
MicroText Cart com     the cartridge added a second serial port so you could print as you downloaded. &lt;br /&gt;
MicroTerm Cass com     MC-10 only &lt;br /&gt;
(Blanks in the table mean I don&#039;t know) &lt;br /&gt;
* Protocols: X=Xmodem (usually not Xmodem/CRC), Y=Ymodem (non-batch), Z=Zmodem(recovery/batch features unknown), Kermit=Kermit.  Except for TwilightTerm (which was coded for ANSI support rather than downloads), all these comm programs also have ASCII transfer protocol. &lt;br /&gt;
** Autodial in this chart can mean either a phone directory built in, or programmable macros that can be used for dialing.  Either way, the user does not have to type ATDT ### ### #### to dial. &lt;br /&gt;
*** To use Zmodem, the program calls an external zmodem program, either rz or sz for receive or send.  SuperComm calls the rz/sz automatically, while KBComm requires a macro. &lt;br /&gt;
Q4) What word processing programs could be used on the CoCo? &lt;br /&gt;
  Name Format Type CoCo Features *** &lt;br /&gt;
Simply Better DOS com 3 two windows, merge, indexes, forms, spool, autosave, sort, calc., numbering, paging, WYSIWYG mode, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
Word Power 3.3 ** DOS com 3 spell/punct, merge, calc, spool, 2 columns &lt;br /&gt;
VIP Writer DOS/Cart com 1,2 the basics &lt;br /&gt;
VIP Writer III 2.0 DOS com 3 spell, undo, print preview, spool &lt;br /&gt;
TeleWriter 64 DOS/Cass com 1,2,3 51/64/85x24, lowercase, cassette/disk i/o &lt;br /&gt;
Stylograph CoCo Version OS-9 com 1?, 2? From Stylo Software of Idaho, apparently better than the comparable WordStar for the PC.  (WordStar was later replaced by Word Perfect and Microsoft Word) &lt;br /&gt;
TeleWriter 128 DOS/Cass com 3 macros, preview, 80x28, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
EZWriter DOS/Cass com 1,2,3 letter writing only, merge, cheap &lt;br /&gt;
TextPro IV DOS com 3 up to 212x28, on screen bold/ital/etc., buffered keyboard, merge, RAMdisk, laser printer support &lt;br /&gt;
DynaStar OS-9 com 3 windows, merge, macros, etc., DynaSpell optional &lt;br /&gt;
WindowWriter OS-9 com  multitasking, pull down menus, more &lt;br /&gt;
XWord OS-9 com 2,3 worked with WordPack, regular screen, Xscreen, block commands, find/replace, proportional, headers/footers, page numbering.  Optional XSpell checker. &lt;br /&gt;
Ved/Vprint OS-9   pull-down text menus, multitasks, etc.  (from Bob Van de Poel) &lt;br /&gt;
Autoterm DOS/Cass com 2,3 Basic word processor that doubled as a terminal program.  Search, embedded printer codes, margins, compatible with TeleWriter &lt;br /&gt;
Elite-Word DOS/cass com 1,2 buffered keyboard, block, upper/lower, merge, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
SCRIPTSIT Cart/DOS com 1,2,3 I have to mention this poor pathetic Radio Shack word processor.  Not having seen the disk version, I can say the cartridge one was pretty sad.  The 32 column &amp;quot;windowed&amp;quot; over the full page, so you could never see the entire document.  Enough said. &lt;br /&gt;
Keep Text II (formerly Chromasette) DOS/Cass com 1,2 32x16, embedded printer controls, search/replace, key repeat, centering, margins &lt;br /&gt;
MasterWriter DOS/Cass com 1,2 Inexpensive, full-screen, block, menus, macros, print spool, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
CoCoWriter DOS/Cass com 1,2 32/51/64/85x24, menus &lt;br /&gt;
Max-10 DOS com 3 I don&#039;t really want to get into desktop publishing (versus basic word processing) but Max-10 from Colorware (designers of CoCo Max) deserves a mention as being the first true desktop publishing program for the CoCo 3 with WYSIWYG, columns, built-in spell checker, resizing imported graphics, undo, margins, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
(Blanks in the table mean I don&#039;t know) &lt;br /&gt;
** Many of these programs were available in earlier versions for just the CoCo 1 or 2.  With the advent of the CoCo 3, every started to add 80 column support.  A print spooler and RAMdisk were also popular enhancements due to more available memory. &lt;br /&gt;
*** Except for Max-10, as far as I know, all the other programs with spell-checkers had &amp;quot;external spell checkers&amp;quot;. That is, after typing, you ran the spell-checker, often by quitting the main word processing application.  I remember one disk spell checker that I had.  It checked almost every word, and the drive spun and ground back and forth for ages and ages.  It worked, but slowly. &lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Tell me about graphic programs. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*CoCo Max (1,2, and 3) were probably the MOST WELL KNOWN graphic programs for the CoCo, and the CM3 file format almost became a CoCo standard.  CoCo Max 3 featured two 320x192 screens that could be &lt;br /&gt;
linked to form a giant 320x384 screen.  The menus were easy to use, as were the tools and textures.  Using their own hi-res interface, and later, the Tandy hi-res interface, the joystick/mouse could access the entire screen.  CoCo Max featured undos, animation (color slot flipping) fonts, slide shows, stamps,  shrink/ stretch, rotate, zoom, lasso, etc.  One feature that tickled everybody was the color selecting.  You would see ALL 64 colors on the screen at the same time, and then pick the 16 that you wanted. &lt;br /&gt;
The Rat was sold by Diecom (and others).  It supported 320x200x16, lines, shapes, fill, stamp, shrink, rotate, textures, etc.  Diecom included a mouse if you ordered from them.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*ColorMax was similar to CoCo Max.  ColroMax 3 debuted before CoCo max III, and ran with 128k.  Later ColroMax Deluxe added GIF load/save, palette animation, multiple screens with cut/paste. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Da Vinci was sold through Owl-Ware.  It featured 320x192x16, custom paintbrushes, fonts, boxes, etc., zoom, menus.  It did not require a hi-res interface.  Instead, the joystick/mouse/x-pad could input either a &amp;quot;coarse&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;fine&amp;quot; mode.  I&amp;quot;m sure you can guess how this worked. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*MVCanvas 2.0 sold by HyperTech Software of Nevada, was for OS-9 Level II and Multi-Vue.  Featured multiple resolutions up to 320x200, with 16 colors, palette animation, clipboard, fonts, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Max9 (free) written by Kevin Darling for OS-9.  A demo program using OS-9 calls.  Ran in all 4 windows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Question 2 ==&lt;br /&gt;
Answer 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Help]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Color_Computer_FAQ&amp;diff=4551</id>
		<title>Color Computer FAQ</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Color_Computer_FAQ&amp;diff=4551"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T15:02:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: added Nitros-9, minor updates on ADOS and OS-9&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavFAQs}}&lt;br /&gt;
=Hardware=&lt;br /&gt;
==What is a CoCo?==&lt;br /&gt;
The name TRS Color Computer, known as CoCo by its owners, refers to a familiy of Motorola 6809-based personal computers made by Radio Shack and produced from 1981 (CoCo 1) until 1990 (CoCo 3). Each CoCo comes with a variation of Microsoft BASIC built-in its ROM. Differing from an Apple ][+, //e, or an IBM, CoCos comes with a variety of I/O ports built-in.  On the rear panel of the unit are connections for 2 analog Joysticks, Serial I/O (which can handle data transfer up to 9600 baud), cassette I/O, and TV/monitor output.   On the right side, there is a cartridge slot.  Cartridges that support various functions, contain games, or drive peripherals can be inserted.  Use of a multipack (or MPI) allowed multiple cartridges to be inserted.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What models were there?==&lt;br /&gt;
The different CoCo models are as follows: &lt;br /&gt;
* CoCo 1 - The first Color Computer, it was first sold in 1980 and originally had only Color BASIC, 4Kb of memory, 32-column  screen, and a chicklet keyboard.  It was based on a design originally from Motorola.  It used a .89MHz MC6809E.  A compact cassette recorder or Program Paks were used.  Later versions came with 16Kb/32Kb/64Kb and Extended Color BASIC.  Disk BASIC was the required environment to handle disk drives, and some third-parties created their own improved but compatible Disk Operating Systems (DOS).  By changing  memory chips, setting jumpers, and removing some capacitors,  the CoCo 1 memory could be expanded up to 64Kb, minimum to run OS-9 Level 1. &lt;br /&gt;
* CoCo 2 - The Color Computer 2 is a refined -- but fully compatible --version of the original Color Computer.  The refinements consist mostly of a new, smaller case with a typewriter-looking keyboard and redesigned motherboard. Also, the later CoCo 2s wwere able to generate true lowercase letters (NOTE: later model CoCo 2s that said &amp;quot;Tandy&amp;quot; instead of TRS-80 had the lowercase) instead of &amp;quot;reverse video&amp;quot;.  Besides that, it has the same 64Kb/32-column limitation of its antecessor.  This CoCo was in the same price range of machines as the Atari 8-bit series  and the Commodore 64. &lt;br /&gt;
* CoCo 3 - The last Color Computer has quite a collection of improvements as compared to the previous machines:  true  80-column, higher resolution graphics, and more memory -- the barebones configuration comes with 128 Kb of RAM that can be expanded up to 512k through Tandy, but up to 2Mb from third-party vendors.  It was intended more as competition for Atari&#039;s ST series and the original Commodore Amiga.  The CoCo 3 can run OS-9 Level 2.  The CoCo 3 also allowed the famous speed-up poke (POKE 65497,0 and POKE 65496,0) to double the clock speed to 1.78 mhz. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There were also some companies that manufactured CoCo clones: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Dragon  64       -  CoCo 1 clone made by Tano. Had seperate parallel I/O. &lt;br /&gt;
*TDP System 100    -  CoCo 1 clone made by Tandy and sold outside RS &lt;br /&gt;
*Fujitsu  FM-7     -  Had Microsoft Basic and used Level I OS-9 and FLEX &lt;br /&gt;
*MC-10 &amp;quot;Baby CoCo&amp;quot; -  made by Tandy-Radio Shack using an MC6803 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What graphic modes were there?== &lt;br /&gt;
The CoCo 2 was capable of uppercase only on a 32x16 screen with 8 colors.  To show lowercase, the CoCo 2 used inverse video.  Later versions of the CoCo 2 showed real lower-case.  In this &amp;quot;text&amp;quot; mode, there were also 64 x 32 &amp;quot;pixels&amp;quot; that could be set using the SET command, or drawn with CHR$.  The CoCo 2 also had a maximum resolution of 256 x 192 with 2 colors.  But by alternating light and dark lines, false or &amp;quot;artifact&amp;quot; colors could be made, mainly red and blue.  Maximum colors in the CoCo 2 was 8 total.  Here are all the possible graphic resolutions:  32x16x8, 64x32x8, 128x96x2, 128x96x4, 128x192x2, 128x192x4, and 256x192x2.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Various software fixes were developed to improve the text screen.  Telewriter 64 used the hi-res graphics screen, and drew each letter on the screen as the user typed.  Machine-language made it very quick!  Early on, RAINBOW (I think), featured a program called Screen51, which, once loaded and EXECed, would show all the text on the hi-res screen.  The advantage was that you could now mix graphics and text.  The disadvantage was that the 51 columns were very squished together.  But hey, you had 51 columns and true lowercase! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There were also various &amp;quot;semigraphics&amp;quot; modes, available only to assembly language, including some that allowed text on the top half, and graphics on the bottom.  Robert Gault has a little info about one of the semigraphics modes called Semigraphics24. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The CoCo 3 supported all the standard CoCO 2 graphic modes, plus added:  a 40 column and 80 column screen with true lower case, underline, and blink; 320x192x4, 320x192x16, 640x192x2, and 640x192x4.  The semigraphics modes of the CoCo 2 were done away with.  A special RAM based character set was also available with commands to put text onto the graphic screens. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The new CoCo 3 supported a total of 64 colors, any 16 could be active.  This made using color very flexible, but a little confusing.  For example, if the HCOLOR was set to 3, and a line was drawn, the line would be color 3.  Color 3 could have been any of the 64 available.  By using the PALETTE command, the user could assign the 64 colors to the 16 &amp;quot;slots&amp;quot;.  If color 45 was assigned to slot 3, the line above would have been color 45.  Unfortunately, the colors shown on an RGB monitor were different than on a composite monitor.  Various software tricks exist to show more than 16 at a time. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There were also programs and POKEs to obtain 320x200x16 and 320x200x225 (and 640x200 and 640x225).  In addition, horizontal and vertical scrolling was possible through the hardware.  POKEing to certain locations caused the entire screen to scroll at a pixel level left, right, up and/or down.  Page-flipping could also be done extremely quickly simply by telling the CoCo that the data in RAM for the graphics was somewhere else.  This would be immediately mapped into the video screen. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The video output was also used to generate interrupts.  There were two on all CoCos, and I think that the CoCo 3 had one more. The two common ones were the vertical interrupt every 1/60th of a second (commonly called the IRQ), and a fast interrupt, or FIRQ, connected to the horizontal sync pulse (approx. 63 microseconds, I think).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What about that replacement CPU?==&lt;br /&gt;
The replacement CPU was one of the biggest pieces of news to come out in the early 1990s.  The Hitachi 63B09E chip is fully compatible with the original 68B09E.  Added advantages were that it ran cooler, some internal operations were faster, and there were extra registers in the CPU.  &lt;br /&gt;
The 6309 had two modes; &amp;quot;6809&amp;quot; and &amp;quot;native&amp;quot;.  When powered up, it defaulted to 6809-mode.  This made it completely compatible with the original 6809 from Motorola, even down to the number of clock cycles to execute internal instructions.  When sent a certain string, it would switch to native-mode.  Under RS-DOS, users could expect perhaps a 15% speed boost.  However, since the timing of certain instructions was shortened, disk operation, printer, and cassette use was affected and unreliable.  Due to the nature of OS/9, though, speed increases of 30% to 50% were possible, and disk operation was normal.  The additional increases were due to patches in the OS that took advantage of the additional registers, etc.  Burke and Burke released PowerBoost, a software set of patches to OS/9, that gave the additional speed. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The downside of all this was that the original 6809 was soldered to the motherboard.  To replace it, it would be cut out, each of the 40 pins desoldered, a socket installed, and then the 6309 was plugged into the socket. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another OS, called NitrOS9 was also updated for use with the 6309.  More will be covered in the FAQ-Software link, but you can visit the NitrOS9 page for info.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tell me about disk drives. ==&lt;br /&gt;
The CoCo disk standard disk system from Radio Shack consisted of a single vertical, later horizontal, 5.25 inch single-sided, 35 track drive.  A second drive could be added inside the case.  The drive unit containing a power supply (and optional fan) was connected to a Disk Controller by an approx. 2 foot ribbon cable.  Some cables were bundled into a thick round case.  The Controller plugged into the side of the CoCo, and contained the Disk Operating System, or DOS.  The standard DOS that came from the Shack is usually known as RS-DOS.  However, many vendors provided enhanced support for double- sided drives, 40 and 80 tracks, wildcard directories, etc.  Versions included A-DOS, J-DOS, MK-DOS, and DR-DOS.  A-DOS was very popular due to its ability to handle different sized drives.  Many of the later Shack drives were actually 40 track drives, but under RS-DOS, only 35 were accessable. Jump to the Software FAQ and read about DOS versions. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A typical single-sided disk contained 68 granules.  Each granule was a little more than 2k, so a single disk could hold approx. 156k.  The CoCo supported up to 4 drives.  Through software and various versions of DOS you could have either 4 singled sided disks, or 2 double-sided, with the second side of each disk being assigned another drive number.  I may be wrong, but third-party vendors may have supported &amp;quot;true&amp;quot; double-sided drives, in which both sides are assigned and accessed with one drive designation.  The CoCo used drive 0 as the prmiary drive, and drives 1,2, and 3 as the additional ones.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It&#039;s interesting to note that many people started using &amp;quot;flippies&amp;quot;.  By notching a single-sided disk, you could flip it over and save more on the other side.  But because the disk platter was spinning the opposite direction relative to the first side, these &amp;quot;flippy&amp;quot; disks could not be read in a double-sided drive!  Many people also issued warning that the flip-side was not certified for data, that by spinning it backwards the heads would wear out, etc. etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The very first disk controller required both 12 volts and 5 volts from the CoCo, but CoCo 2 and CoCo 3 did not provide the 12 voltes on the cartridge slot, so unless you had a 12 volt adaptor hot-wired into the original controller, it couldn&#039;t be used with the newer CoCos. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Amdek of Illinois sold the AMDISK system which used 3 inch &amp;quot;micro-floppies&amp;quot;, which could hold 312k each.  RAINBOW 1983 shows a rather cool looking AMDISK hooked to a CoCo 1, and a headline that says &amp;quot;624k&amp;quot; and a footnote saying that the extra 312k can &amp;quot;be accessed by manually flipping the media over&amp;quot;.  Not sure what sort of DOS was required to access the 312k.  Further info in RAINBOW indicates the system came with a controller, and two drives, each holding 156k, so 156k x 2 drives x flipping each one = 624k  Since each disk actually holds the same as a regular 5.25&amp;quot; disk, it&#039;s likely that regular RS-DOS could be used. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What is a multipack? ==&lt;br /&gt;
The multipak is a device that allows the CoCo to use of up to 4 paks at a time.  It is normally used by people who have multiple devices that need to be used simultaneously, such as OS-9 users. &lt;br /&gt;
A possible combination is as follows: &lt;br /&gt;
   1 RS-232 Pak &lt;br /&gt;
   2 Orchestra-90 Pak &lt;br /&gt;
   3 Speech &amp;amp; Sound Pak &lt;br /&gt;
   4 floppy drive controller pak.  &amp;lt;-floppy controller ALWAYS in slot 4 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are 2 ways to access a given slot.  One is with the switches and the second is by storing values in control memory locations. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Multipacks had to be &amp;quot;patched&amp;quot; with a small chip (known as a PAL chip) to work correctly with a CoCo 3, due to memory map problems. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Multipacks (or MPIs) were the recommended way of connecting multiple cartridges.  Some people had success with y-cables.  A y-cable plugged into the cartridge slot and provided two short ribbon cables, each with a female-slot connector.  Two deviced could be then connected, usually a disk drive, and something else.  Triple -y-cables were also made.  However, since the y-cables made the CoCo bus just a little longer, the operation of the CoCo was sometimes unreliable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What is the wiring matrix for the keyboard?==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
                Color Computer Keyboard Array &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 1 --- @ --- A --- B --- C --- D --- E --- F --- G &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 2 --- H --- I --- J --- K --- L --- M --- N --- O &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 3 nc  |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 4 --- P --- Q --- R --- S --- T --- U --- V --- W &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 5 --- X --- Y --- Z -- UP -- DWN - LFT - RGT - SPACE &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 6 --- 0 -- 1! -- 2&amp;quot; -- 3# -- 4$ -- 5% -- 6&amp;amp; -- 7&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 7 -- 8( -- 9) -- :* -- ;+ -- ,&amp;lt; -- -= -- .&amp;gt; -- /? &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 8 -- ENT - CLR - BRK - ALT - CTL - F1 -- F2 - SHIFT &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |    |     | &lt;br /&gt;
              |     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 9 -----     |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                    |     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 10 ----------     |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                          |     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 11 ----------------     |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                                |     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 12 ----------------------     |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                                      |     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 13 ----------------------------     |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                                            |     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 14 ----------------------------------     |     | &lt;br /&gt;
                                                  |     | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 15 ----------------------------------------     | &lt;br /&gt;
                                                        | &lt;br /&gt;
    Pin 16 ---------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
CoCo 2 keyboard is identical, except no CTL, F1, F2, or ALT.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==How do I use the RS-232C i/o port (a.k.a. &amp;quot;bit-banger&amp;quot;)?==&lt;br /&gt;
If you are in RSDOS, you can connect a modem to the CoCo serial port, rather than through a separate RS-232 Pack.  The nice thing in this setting is that you can have a modem and a floppy drive controller connected to the CoCo without needing a Multipak.  As far as I know, the fastest you can go using the CoCo serial port is 9600 baud (using Twilight Term).  Speeds of up to 19,200 were available using an RS-232 Pack. Under OS-9, it does at 300 baud and sorta-sorta at 1200 (there was a CoCo OS9 BBS ran by Tim Johns at 1200 baud through the bitbanger) and the improved 1200 baud bitbanger driver reportedly does it better, though slowing things down. &lt;br /&gt;
List of Materials for a CoCo RS-232C to true-RS-232 cable for a modem: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
   1   DIN-4 connector, male &lt;br /&gt;
   1   DB-25 connector, male (though here it depends on your  modem) &lt;br /&gt;
   6ft of 4-wire cable (ideally you get a shielded cable with 3 wires inside;  If you can get such cable, connect the GND pin in the pinout below to be the shield) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What are the POKEs for the baud speed?==&lt;br /&gt;
These POKEs set the baud speed for the modem and/or printer. &lt;br /&gt;
For example for baud rate on COLOR COMPUTER enter at command line: &lt;br /&gt;
POKE 150,X - where &amp;quot;X&amp;quot; is one of the following poke numbers: &lt;br /&gt;
POKE#     BAUD RATE &lt;br /&gt;
 180         300 &lt;br /&gt;
  87         600 &lt;br /&gt;
  41        1200 &lt;br /&gt;
  18        2400 &lt;br /&gt;
   7        4800 &lt;br /&gt;
   1        9600&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For the MC-10 &amp;quot;Baby CoCo&amp;quot;, the command is: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
POKE 16932,X  - where &amp;quot;X&amp;quot; is one of the following: &lt;br /&gt;
POKE#     BAUD RATE &lt;br /&gt;
 241         300 &lt;br /&gt;
 118         600 &lt;br /&gt;
  57        1200 &lt;br /&gt;
  26        2400 &lt;br /&gt;
  10        4800 &lt;br /&gt;
   9        9600&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What is the pin-out for the cartridge slot?==&lt;br /&gt;
A nifty project in RAINBOW connected a toggle switch between the HALT line and ground.  By activating the switch, the CPU would finish its current instruction, then stop completely.  This became a nice pause feature during games, since the entire state of the CPU stayed the same. &lt;br /&gt;
Also, by covering pin 8 on the cartridge, ROM-packs could be inserted without them starting up.  It is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS to insert a ROM-Pack with the CoCo switched on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
    Color Computer 1, 2, &amp;amp; 3 Cartridge Connector Definitions &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
------------------------------------------------------------ &lt;br /&gt;
| PIN | SIGNAL NAME | DESCRIPTION                          | &lt;br /&gt;
|-----|-------------|--------------------------------------| &lt;br /&gt;
|  1  |   N.C.      | (-12 VDC on CoCo 1 and 2)            | &lt;br /&gt;
|  2  |   N.C.      | (+12 VDC on CoCo 1 and 2)            | &lt;br /&gt;
|  3  |   HALT*     | Halt input to the CPU                | &lt;br /&gt;
|  4  |   NMI*      | Non-Maskable Interrupt to the CPU    | &lt;br /&gt;
|  5  |   RESET*    | Main Reset and Power-up Clear        | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
|  6  |   E CLOCK   | Main CPU Clock                       | &lt;br /&gt;
|  7  |   Q CLOCK   | Clock which leads E by 90 degrees    | &lt;br /&gt;
|  8  |   CART*     | Rom-Pak Detection Interrupt          | &lt;br /&gt;
|  9  |   +5 VDC    | +5 Volts DC (300 mA)                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 10  |   DATA 0    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 0                 | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 11  |   DATA 1    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 1                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 12  |   DATA 2    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 2                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 13  |   DATA 3    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 3                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 14  |   DATA 4    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 4                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 15  |   DATA 5    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 5                 | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 16  |   DATA 6    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 6                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 17  |   DATA 7    | CPU Data Bus - Bit 7                 | &lt;br /&gt;
| 18  |   R/W*      | CPU Read/Write Signal                | &lt;br /&gt;
| 19  |   ADDR 0    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 0              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 20  |   ADDR 1    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 1              | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 21  |   ADDR 2    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 2              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 22  |   ADDR 3    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 3              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 23  |   ADDR 4    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 4              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 24  |   ADDR 5    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 5              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 25  |   ADDR 6    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 6              | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 26  |   ADDR 7    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 7              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 27  |   ADDR 8    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 8              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 28  |   ADDR 9    | CPU Address Bus - Bit 9              | &lt;br /&gt;
| 29  |   ADDR 10   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 10             | &lt;br /&gt;
| 30  |   ADDR 11   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 11             | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 31  |   ADDR 12   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 12             | &lt;br /&gt;
| 32  |   CTS*      | Cartridge (ROM) Select Signal        | &lt;br /&gt;
| 33  |   GROUND    | Signal Ground                        | &lt;br /&gt;
| 34  |   GROUND    | Signal Ground                        | &lt;br /&gt;
| 35  |   SND       | Cartridge Sound Input                | &lt;br /&gt;
|     |             |                                      | &lt;br /&gt;
| 36  |   SCS*      | Spare Cartridge (DISK) Select Signal | &lt;br /&gt;
| 37  |   ADDR 13   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 13             | &lt;br /&gt;
| 38  |   ADDR 14   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 14             | &lt;br /&gt;
| 39  |   ADDR 15   | CPU Address Bus - Bit 15             | &lt;br /&gt;
| 40  |   SLENB*    | Input to Disable Internal Devices    | &lt;br /&gt;
------------------------------------------------------------ &lt;br /&gt;
* are LOW (0 volts) to activate&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== What is the pin-out for the cassette and joystick ports?==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What is the pin-out of the RGB connector on the bottom of the CoCo 3? ==&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Pin 6 is missing on the connector (for polarity) and pin 10 is no connection.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Tell me about CoCo Emulators for the PC (DOS/Windows/Mac/etc.) ==&lt;br /&gt;
With the advent of powerful 80xxx and Pentium-level computers, emulators have appeared for almost every &amp;quot;older&amp;quot; computer.  There are several emulators for the CoCo.  One of the most popular is Jeff Vavasour&#039;s CoCo 3 Emulator.  It almost fully implements a CoCo 3 on a DOS or Windows machine.  DX/4-100 is recommended (or better!)  His emulator features ability to read CoCo disks (and write them) software duplicated interrupts, external sound on SB, full graphic support, debug utilities, speed controls, high-res joystick and mouse support, and a port program to move files between the MS-DOS and CoCo environment.  You can also visit the TR-80 page for links to other emulators.  As of March, 1999, rumors were around that a Windows-based DirectX CoCo Emulator by Russ LeBang was under development.  This is exciting news.  The current emulators require too much processing time to emulate the CoCo GIME chip, which was capable of page-flipping, hardware scrolling, etc.  Whereas the current emulators cannot do these features fast enough to look like a real CoCo, perhaps a native Windows DirectX application will.  A PowerPC version is also in the works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== What kind of hardware is available? ==&lt;br /&gt;
Dozens of hardware add-ons/peripherals were created for the CoCo.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Clock/Chip Accelerators: ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The safest way (in my opinion) to gain speed is to install a 6309 chip, and then run OS/9.  Even under RS-DOS, a 10%-15% increase could be achieved with patches to the OS. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Another possible way is to replace the crystal on the CoCo motherboard.  This will increase the pulses going to the CPU which is externally driven, and rated up to 2 mhz continuous operation.  However, this crystal also drives the printer, cassette, and serial ports, plus disk drive operation, and video out.  All of those would be messed up. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A clever and unique way which is gaining popularity was developed by John Kowalski, a.k.a. Sockmaster.  He attached a custom-built circuit to the 6809.  It detected whether the CPU needed to access the system bus (which it must do for memory, disk, video, etc.).  If the CPU did not- that is, the CPU was busy executing some internal instructions- the circuit would insert an extra clock pulse to the CPU between the regular ones.  If the CPU needed to access the bus, no extra cycles were inserted, and normal speed operation took place.  This increased the CoCo speed by approx. 25%- 40% but kept video, disk, printer, etc. working normally.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Memory/Disks: ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The standard CoCo 3 came with 128k, and could be expanded to 512k.  Kits were manufactured for 1 meg, although only OS-9 could really make use of this memory.  I think 2 megs was also available under OS-9.  With 512, or 1 meg, the CoCo 3 could have 1 or 2 RAMDisks.  When the CoCo 2 came out, there were bubble-memory kits for extra RAM, and/or RAMDrives in a cartridge.  Recently, a kit has been developed that uses a 1 meg SIMM chip.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Printers: ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Radio Shack offered several DMP Dot Matrix printers.  Most had dual serial and Centronics interfaces.  Some vendors offered Serial-to Parallel converters (EG Blue Streak Ultima) that would allow the CoCo to hook up to any standard printer with a Centronics parallel interface.  Epson-FX and SX printers wer also popular, as was the Radio Shack CGP-115, or Color Graphics Printer.  Work was attempted at creating drivers for laser and inkjet printers. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Monitors:=== &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The CoCo 1 and 2 had RF converters inside them.  They would be hooked to the antenna inputs of a TV or VCR.  The signal was sent on channel 3 or 4.  For the CoCo 3, Radio Shack offered the CM-3 and CM-8 for the CoCo.  (The CoCo 3 featured the RF converter, a composite video and audio out, and a special analog-RGB port underneath).  The CM-3 produced a rather poor image, but the CM-8 was quite acceptable.  The Magnavox 8CM515 was a popular non-Tandy monitor with even sharper resolution.  It also had the option of switching to composite for those weird artifact colors on the original CoCo 2.  TV and composite outputs were satisfactory for images, and standard 32 column and 40 column text, but 80 column was unreadable without a good monitor. &lt;br /&gt;
Many other monitors that accept analog RGB, plus separate VSYNC and HSYNC pulses could also work.  Some othe rmonitors, though, require a mixed SYNC pulse, or an inverted one, and conversion kits were available. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There was also a Word Pak for the old CoCo 1 and 2.  Its output goes to a monocrome monitor.  Word Pak RS/80 allows having 80 x 24 text under RSDOS and OS-9. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other vendors also made kits to create better quality composite output on the CoCo 1 and 2, and/or lowercase using an external character ROM chip.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Modems: ===&lt;br /&gt;
Many external modems worked perfectly with the CoCo 2 and 3.  As far as cartridge modems go, the Direct Connect Modem Pak was a 300 baud modem designed for the CoCo.  The modem pak does have a communications program built in its ROM, but it&#039;s not that sophisticated.  For those of you who do not stand the built-in communications program, there are several PD terminal packages that may suit your needs, as well as some VERY NICE commercial ones.  Marty Goodman, MD, also published a way to modify a DC Modem Pack and make it an RS-232 pack, capable of 19,200 baud. &lt;br /&gt;
For a CoCo 3, there are V-TERM for RSDOS and KBCom and DeskMate 3 for OS-9.  If you can get files from listserv, there is a PD version of KBCom on it. The commercial version is said to be much better but I have never seen it.  If you decide on V-TERM, Rick&#039;s Computer Enterprises may be able to sell you a copy.  Jump to the Software FAQ and read about other communication software.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Miscellaneous: ===&lt;br /&gt;
Other popular add-ons included the joysticks, deluxe self-centering joysticks, a mouse, an x-pad, dozens of utility and game program packs, video digitizers, hard-drive interfaces, real-time clocks, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A hi-res joystick adaptor was developed.  It plugged into the serial port and joystick port.  A regular CoCo joystick/mouse was then plugged into the adaptor.  This boosted the resolution of the joystick from 64x64, to 640x640 (I think). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Exciting recent (Feb. 1999) news includes the possibility of a cartridge with an IDE interface, real-time clock, parallel port, and &amp;quot;speed doubler&amp;quot; for the CoCo 3.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Software =&lt;br /&gt;
= Software =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What are the (disk) operating systems available to the CoCo? ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RS-DOS]] was the original disk OS for the CoCo. Officially it is not a DOS, but an extension of Color BASIC to allow disk access. Without a disk drive, the CoCos would run Color BASIC, and you had to purchase the Extended Color BASIC ROM to take advantage of extra graphics! Plugging in the standard (although there were two versions) Radio Shack disk controller, gave you Disk Extended Basic, or RS-DOS.  Standard RS-DOS is reviewed in the hardware FAQ.  Essentially, the standard disk commands were available, including DIR, OPEN, SAVE, LOAD, CLOSE, INPUT, WRITE, KILL, DSKINI (format), BACKUP, and COPY. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[A-DOS]] was developed by Art Flexser.  It came in three versions, ADOS for the CoCo 1 and 2, and ADOS 3 &amp;amp; Extended ADOS 3 for the CoCo 3.  It was 100% compatible with RS-DOS if you didn&#039;t need to patch Disk BASIC, and added features to RS-DOS, noteably  40 and 80 track drive support. ADOS came on a disk, and could be loaded into the CoCo, or you could customize ADOS, program an EPROM, and use the EPROM as your disk ROM, therefore booting your CoCo with ADOS.  This was a neat, because many users then set their CoCos to boot with the 80 column screen.  It also ran the CoCo at double-speed, even during disk and printer i/o, featured auto- line numbering, arrow scroll through listings, auto edit of errors, macros, etc. Extended ADOS 3 added things like parellel printer output (assuming you had the right hardware), wildcard filenames, and a RAMdisk. This was arguably the most popular modified RS-DOS used with the CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[OS-9]] Level 1 (for CoCo 1 and 2) and Level 2 (for CoCo 3) was a completely different OS than the RS-DOS versions.  OS-9 supported the full 512k of RAM (on a CC3), multi-tasking, multiple windows, etc.  The modular approach allowed users to add or change code modules for additional features, such as 40/80 double-sided drive support. OS-9 Level 1 was for the 32k and 64K CoCo 1 and 2, but was very limited with only 64K of memory.  OS-9 Level 2 was a welcomed upgrade.  I think there was a Level 3 upgrade unofficially released, but I&#039;m not sure what was upgraded in terms of performance. The main upgrade was support for up to 2MB of RAM. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[J-DOS]] was sold by J&amp;amp;M Systems of New Mexico.  J-DOS supported all RS-DOS commands, auto-line numbering, error trapping, baud selection, os/9 boot, memory minder(disk check program) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[MY-DOS]] was sold by HawkSoft.  It was customizable and EPROMable.  Features that it added to RS-DOS included lowercase program entry, SAY command for S/S Pak, point/click disk directory, double-sided 40 track drives, screen power-up options &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[MKJ DOS]] and MKJ3 DOS were sold through CoCo Connection of Philadelphia.  They were EPROMable, and included the following features:  80 track DS drives, wildcards, alphabetical and dated file listings, full screen BASIC editor, spelled-out errors, repeat key, SAY (for S/S Pak), plus other special commands for editing. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[SCS DOS]] was also EPROMable, and sold through Second City Software.  From what I could find, it added 24 new disk commands and 2 new hi-res screens, 40 tracks/DS disks, 6 ms stepping, disk search, and error trapping (the error trapping leads me to believe it worked for the CoCo 1 and 2) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[OWLDOS]] was sold through OWL-WARE, of Mertztown, PA.  OWLDOS claimed 25% faster disk access, double sided drives, and correction of a floating point error. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[SPECTRUM DOS]] (again, EPROMable) sold by Spectrum Products of New York.  Added 24 new disk commands, 2 new hi-res screens, 40 track and double-sided drives, 6ms step, disk search, error trapping (sounds a lot like SCS DOS) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[RGB-DOS]] was sold by Burke and Burke of Washington. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[STAR DOS]] sold by Star Kits of New York for the CoCo 2 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[DOUBLE-DOS BASIC]] sold by Double Density Software of Texas allowed the CoCo 2 to use 35,40 and 80 single/double sided drives together, and added reset-protection.  100% compatible with RS-DOS. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[AMDISK]] was a 3 inch micro-floppy system sold by Amdek.  The disk held 312k (flippable for 624k).  Not sure if a patched RS-DOS or a special &amp;quot;AMDISK-DOS&amp;quot; was used to gain access to these little cartridges.  Further literature in RAINBOW indicates that the AMDISK came with a controller, and two drives, each disk holding 156k on one side.  So we have 2 disks x 156k x flipping each over = 624k!  Since each disk actually holds the same as a standard RS floppy, it&#039;s very possible that the regular RS-DOS could be used. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[FLEX]] was a product of Technical Systems Inc, of North Carolina.  The official name was &amp;quot;6809 FLEX Operating System&amp;quot;.  FLEX was then &amp;quot;ported&amp;quot; to the CoCo under the name of &amp;quot;The FLEX 9.0 Disk Operating System for teh Radio Shack Color Computer using 64k RAM&amp;quot; by Steve Odneal, or Missouri, and licensed to Computer Publishing Inc, or Tennessee.  FLEX was competition of the very popular (at the time) CP/M system for the 8080 and Z80 chips.  CP/M could be considered a forerunner to what we now call DOS on the PC.  FLEX worked very well on a 64k CoCo, whereas apparently OS-9 Level 1 did not work as well on a 64k CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*[[NitrOS-9]] is the only DOS for the CoCo that is still supported. It is essentially an upgrade of OS-9. There are versions for the CoCo 1 and 2 (requires 64K) and the CoCo 3 with either a 6809 or the enhanced 6309 processor. There are continual updates to the system. It supports up to 2MB of RAM and has many enhancements over the original OS-9 Level 2, too many to list. More information and current downloads can be found at http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/nitros9/index.php?title=Main_Page&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==What are the languages available to the CoCo? ==&lt;br /&gt;
 Without disk drive: &lt;br /&gt;
 - Assembler (tape) &lt;br /&gt;
 - Basic (built-in, old CoCo 1s) &lt;br /&gt;
 - Extended Basic (built-in, newer CoCo 1 and newer models) &lt;br /&gt;
 RS-DOS:(and compatible variations of RS-DOS) &lt;br /&gt;
 - Assembler &lt;br /&gt;
 - Disk BASIC (built-in) &lt;br /&gt;
 - Compiled BASIC (Sometimes called C-BASIC) &lt;br /&gt;
 - C &lt;br /&gt;
 - FORTH &lt;br /&gt;
 - DAC-FORTH &lt;br /&gt;
 - DEFT Pascal &lt;br /&gt;
 - LOGO &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 OS-9: &lt;br /&gt;
 - APL &lt;br /&gt;
 - Assembler &lt;br /&gt;
 - BASIC-09 &lt;br /&gt;
 - C &lt;br /&gt;
 - COBOL &lt;br /&gt;
 - Forth  (sold as Forth09) &lt;br /&gt;
 - Pascal &lt;br /&gt;
 - PILOT &lt;br /&gt;
 - RSB &lt;br /&gt;
 - Sculptor &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FLEX &lt;br /&gt;
- Crunch COBOL marketed through Frank Hogg Labs&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Which communication programs can I get for the CoCo?== &lt;br /&gt;
  Name Format Type VT100? ANSI? Protocols * Auto &lt;br /&gt;
dial?** Other &lt;br /&gt;
KBCom OS-9 sw/com yes  xy z*** yes double high/wide support &lt;br /&gt;
WindowWriter OS-9 com     CoCo 3/Level II &lt;br /&gt;
V-term DOS com yes no xy &amp;amp; x/crc yes VT-52, 80x28, Vidtex, serial port to 2400 &lt;br /&gt;
Kermit DOS free  no kermit no  &lt;br /&gt;
Kermit OS-9 free   kermit   &lt;br /&gt;
OSTerm OS-9 share yes partial xy yes  &lt;br /&gt;
SuperComm OS-9 free  partial xy z*** yes  &lt;br /&gt;
Greg-E-Term DOS share   x   &lt;br /&gt;
Greg-E-Term DOS com   xy y-batch   &lt;br /&gt;
AutoTerm DOS/Cass com  no x yes scripting, also doubled as a basic word processor &lt;br /&gt;
X-Term OS-9 com  no x   &lt;br /&gt;
VIP Terminal DOS/Cart com     32/51/64/85x21/24 &lt;br /&gt;
for CoCo 1,2,3 &lt;br /&gt;
Warp 1 OS-9 com  no  yes macros, timer &lt;br /&gt;
DataPack III DOS com yes no x  macros, RAMdisk, 80x28 &lt;br /&gt;
Wiz OS-9 com no no x/kermit yes VT-52 &lt;br /&gt;
ColorCom/E DOS com  no x  CoCo 2, 51x24 &lt;br /&gt;
MikeyTerm DOS share   x yes Autodial with MikeyDial program &lt;br /&gt;
DelphiTerm DOS share   xy yes macros, RAMdisk, not just for Delphi users &lt;br /&gt;
Ultimaterm DOS share yes  xy yes key repeat, VT-52 &lt;br /&gt;
TwilightTerm DOS share no yes none yes claims up to 9600 through the serial port with no lost characters! &lt;br /&gt;
DFT II DOS/Cass com no no only ASCII no CoCo 1 and 2 &lt;br /&gt;
ColorTerm Plus DOS/Cass com no no  no  &lt;br /&gt;
DYTERM Cart/Cass com     &amp;quot;BASIC program with m/l subroutines&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
TermTalk DOS/Cass com     when combined with Spech Systems &amp;quot;VOICE&amp;quot;, it will read the terminal text to you &amp;quot;just like in the movie War Games&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
MicroText Cart com     the cartridge added a second serial port so you could print as you downloaded. &lt;br /&gt;
MicroTerm Cass com     MC-10 only &lt;br /&gt;
(Blanks in the table mean I don&#039;t know) &lt;br /&gt;
* Protocols: X=Xmodem (usually not Xmodem/CRC), Y=Ymodem (non-batch), Z=Zmodem(recovery/batch features unknown), Kermit=Kermit.  Except for TwilightTerm (which was coded for ANSI support rather than downloads), all these comm programs also have ASCII transfer protocol. &lt;br /&gt;
** Autodial in this chart can mean either a phone directory built in, or programmable macros that can be used for dialing.  Either way, the user does not have to type ATDT ### ### #### to dial. &lt;br /&gt;
*** To use Zmodem, the program calls an external zmodem program, either rz or sz for receive or send.  SuperComm calls the rz/sz automatically, while KBComm requires a macro. &lt;br /&gt;
Q4) What word processing programs could be used on the CoCo? &lt;br /&gt;
  Name Format Type CoCo Features *** &lt;br /&gt;
Simply Better DOS com 3 two windows, merge, indexes, forms, spool, autosave, sort, calc., numbering, paging, WYSIWYG mode, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
Word Power 3.3 ** DOS com 3 spell/punct, merge, calc, spool, 2 columns &lt;br /&gt;
VIP Writer DOS/Cart com 1,2 the basics &lt;br /&gt;
VIP Writer III 2.0 DOS com 3 spell, undo, print preview, spool &lt;br /&gt;
TeleWriter 64 DOS/Cass com 1,2,3 51/64/85x24, lowercase, cassette/disk i/o &lt;br /&gt;
Stylograph CoCo Version OS-9 com 1?, 2? From Stylo Software of Idaho, apparently better than the comparable WordStar for the PC.  (WordStar was later replaced by Word Perfect and Microsoft Word) &lt;br /&gt;
TeleWriter 128 DOS/Cass com 3 macros, preview, 80x28, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
EZWriter DOS/Cass com 1,2,3 letter writing only, merge, cheap &lt;br /&gt;
TextPro IV DOS com 3 up to 212x28, on screen bold/ital/etc., buffered keyboard, merge, RAMdisk, laser printer support &lt;br /&gt;
DynaStar OS-9 com 3 windows, merge, macros, etc., DynaSpell optional &lt;br /&gt;
WindowWriter OS-9 com  multitasking, pull down menus, more &lt;br /&gt;
XWord OS-9 com 2,3 worked with WordPack, regular screen, Xscreen, block commands, find/replace, proportional, headers/footers, page numbering.  Optional XSpell checker. &lt;br /&gt;
Ved/Vprint OS-9   pull-down text menus, multitasks, etc.  (from Bob Van de Poel) &lt;br /&gt;
Autoterm DOS/Cass com 2,3 Basic word processor that doubled as a terminal program.  Search, embedded printer codes, margins, compatible with TeleWriter &lt;br /&gt;
Elite-Word DOS/cass com 1,2 buffered keyboard, block, upper/lower, merge, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
SCRIPTSIT Cart/DOS com 1,2,3 I have to mention this poor pathetic Radio Shack word processor.  Not having seen the disk version, I can say the cartridge one was pretty sad.  The 32 column &amp;quot;windowed&amp;quot; over the full page, so you could never see the entire document.  Enough said. &lt;br /&gt;
Keep Text II (formerly Chromasette) DOS/Cass com 1,2 32x16, embedded printer controls, search/replace, key repeat, centering, margins &lt;br /&gt;
MasterWriter DOS/Cass com 1,2 Inexpensive, full-screen, block, menus, macros, print spool, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
CoCoWriter DOS/Cass com 1,2 32/51/64/85x24, menus &lt;br /&gt;
Max-10 DOS com 3 I don&#039;t really want to get into desktop publishing (versus basic word processing) but Max-10 from Colorware (designers of CoCo Max) deserves a mention as being the first true desktop publishing program for the CoCo 3 with WYSIWYG, columns, built-in spell checker, resizing imported graphics, undo, margins, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
(Blanks in the table mean I don&#039;t know) &lt;br /&gt;
** Many of these programs were available in earlier versions for just the CoCo 1 or 2.  With the advent of the CoCo 3, every started to add 80 column support.  A print spooler and RAMdisk were also popular enhancements due to more available memory. &lt;br /&gt;
*** Except for Max-10, as far as I know, all the other programs with spell-checkers had &amp;quot;external spell checkers&amp;quot;. That is, after typing, you ran the spell-checker, often by quitting the main word processing application.  I remember one disk spell checker that I had.  It checked almost every word, and the drive spun and ground back and forth for ages and ages.  It worked, but slowly. &lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Tell me about graphic programs. ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*CoCo Max (1,2, and 3) were probably the MOST WELL KNOWN graphic programs for the CoCo, and the CM3 file format almost became a CoCo standard.  CoCo Max 3 featured two 320x192 screens that could be &lt;br /&gt;
linked to form a giant 320x384 screen.  The menus were easy to use, as were the tools and textures.  Using their own hi-res interface, and later, the Tandy hi-res interface, the joystick/mouse could access the entire screen.  CoCo Max featured undos, animation (color slot flipping) fonts, slide shows, stamps,  shrink/ stretch, rotate, zoom, lasso, etc.  One feature that tickled everybody was the color selecting.  You would see ALL 64 colors on the screen at the same time, and then pick the 16 that you wanted. &lt;br /&gt;
The Rat was sold by Diecom (and others).  It supported 320x200x16, lines, shapes, fill, stamp, shrink, rotate, textures, etc.  Diecom included a mouse if you ordered from them.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*ColorMax was similar to CoCo Max.  ColroMax 3 debuted before CoCo max III, and ran with 128k.  Later ColroMax Deluxe added GIF load/save, palette animation, multiple screens with cut/paste. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Da Vinci was sold through Owl-Ware.  It featured 320x192x16, custom paintbrushes, fonts, boxes, etc., zoom, menus.  It did not require a hi-res interface.  Instead, the joystick/mouse/x-pad could input either a &amp;quot;coarse&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;fine&amp;quot; mode.  I&amp;quot;m sure you can guess how this worked. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*MVCanvas 2.0 sold by HyperTech Software of Nevada, was for OS-9 Level II and Multi-Vue.  Featured multiple resolutions up to 320x200, with 16 colors, palette animation, clipboard, fonts, etc. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Max9 (free) written by Kevin Darling for OS-9.  A demo program using OS-9 calls.  Ran in all 4 windows.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Question 2 ==&lt;br /&gt;
Answer 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Help]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Francis_Swygert&amp;diff=4550</id>
		<title>Francis Swygert</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Francis_Swygert&amp;diff=4550"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T14:50:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: added to bio&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Francis (Frank) Swygert conceived and published [[World of 68&#039; Micros |&amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot;]]. He also published several other CoCo publications, including &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; - a complete CoCo history and reference guide - and wrote a couple programs, the major one being a genealogy database for the CoCo3, &amp;quot;The CoCo Family Recorder&amp;quot;. This was later ported to BASIC-09 by another party. Publications are available for free download (personal use only, no sales or posting to other sites or inclusion in databases without written permission) at ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/FARNA/. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Frank was born December 8, 1961. He served in the USAF from 1983-2007, retiring as an E-7 (Master Sergeant). He now lives in his home town of Batesburg-Leesville, SC. He is still in the hobby publication business, currently producing a small AMC/Rambler magazine (http://www.amc-mag.com/).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:People]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4549</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4549"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T14:38:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: corrected magazine link&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@amc-mag.net&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
 Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: August 1993&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 6 years: 33&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (two - the world of) in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, and I was still doing that. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. Copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; are now available as PDF files on the CoCo-List file site (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/The%20World%20of%2068%27%20micros%20%5BFARNA%20systems%5D/). Several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) are also on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/FARNA/). I retain copyright to all publications and programs, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@amc-mag.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4548</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4548"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T14:37:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: updated web links to 268&amp;#039;m and FARNA pubs/programs&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@amc-mag.net&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
 Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: August 1993&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 6 years: 33&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (two - the world of) in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, and I was still doing that. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. Copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; are now available as PDF files on the CoCo-List file site (Cocopedia entry for World of 68 micros magazine). Several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) are also on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/MAGAZINES/FARNA/). I retain copyright to all publications and programs, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@amc-mag.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4547</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4547"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T14:31:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* Background */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@amc-mag.net&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
 Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: August 1993&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 6 years: 33&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (two - the world of) in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, and I was still doing that. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. There are a few copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; and several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/Farna). I retain copyright to all publications, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@amc-mag.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4546</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4546"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T14:28:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* Background */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@amc-mag.net&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
 Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: August 1993&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 6 years: 33&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, and I was still doing that. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. There are a few copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; and several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/Farna). I retain copyright to all publications, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@amc-mag.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4545</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4545"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T14:25:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: changed years and number of issues&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@amc-mag.net&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
 Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: August 1993&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 6 years: 33&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, so as long as it was a break even proposition I&#039;d have continued. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. There are a few copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; and several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/Farna). I retain copyright to all publications, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@att.net.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4544</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=4544"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T14:12:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* General Information */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@amc-mag.net&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
 Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: 1991 ?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 7 years: ??&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*January 95&lt;br /&gt;
*January 96&lt;br /&gt;
*January 97&lt;br /&gt;
*January 98&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, so as long as it was a break even proposition I&#039;d have continued. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. There are a few copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; and several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/Farna). I retain copyright to all publications, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@att.net.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Stephen_Disney&amp;diff=4543</id>
		<title>Stephen Disney</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Stephen_Disney&amp;diff=4543"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T14:11:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavScams}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1999 Stephen Disney became the new editor of [[World of 68&#039; Micros|&amp;quot;The World of 68 Micros Magazine&amp;quot;]] then scandal struck! When Frank Swygert decided to stop printing the magazine he sought someone who would take it over as a hobby, being clear that it was a break-even proposition. Stephen Disney was the only one to step forward with a genuine interest. Frank met with Stephen and his wife personally before accepting the offer, after several e-mails and phone conversations. Unfortunately Stephen met with some personal issues shortly after taking over and had to stop. Even more unfortunate was that about 100 CoCo enthusisats lost money from renewals and a couple other projects Stephen had going on. It is believed that an unexpected divorce was the main factor, but no one was ever able to get in touch with Stephen to find out for sure what happened. That lack of communication is the main source of consternation for most who lost out. I do beleive that people wouldn&#039;t have been nearly as disguntled if they knew for sure what happened. Frank offered some back issues to those who contacted him, and later gave Glenside CoCo Club rights to reproduce back issues (along with copies of all the files). Dennis Kitsz made good on unfilled orders of &amp;quot;Learning the 6809&amp;quot; as well. It&#039;s unfortunate that things like this happen, but in a small hobby community it sometimes does. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From: http://zeppelin.tzo.cc/coco/coco.html&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1999 October 15: ... &amp;quot;disappeared into thin air&amp;quot; with some of the Coco community&#039;s hard earned money.&lt;br /&gt;
He&#039;s left quite a mess behind him too. Publication of &amp;quot;The World of 68 Micros&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
will be permanently discontinued, and the MP3 &amp;quot;learn the 6809&amp;quot; project is of course down the tubes - &lt;br /&gt;
as well as the bulk purchase of 6309&#039;s from South Africa. Anyone who has information about where this &lt;br /&gt;
person is - and why he&#039;s ignored repeated attempts to get a hold of him PLEASE contact someone within&lt;br /&gt;
 the Coco Community...&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And from :[[http://142.179.110.134/~jeffv/cocodisk/issue68.htm |COCO FRIENDS DISK MAGAZINE Issue #68]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Learning the 6809&lt;br /&gt;
Dennis Kitsz&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hi all,&lt;br /&gt;
       if you bought &amp;quot;[[Learning the 6809]]&amp;quot; from&lt;br /&gt;
Stephen Disney and did not receive a copy, please&lt;br /&gt;
email me. Then, if you have a cancelled check or&lt;br /&gt;
other document you can send me, I will make good on&lt;br /&gt;
Disney&#039;s failure and send you your copy.&lt;br /&gt;
[snip..]&lt;br /&gt;
In the meantime, I&#039;d like to clean up the Disney&lt;br /&gt;
mess.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.cadigital.com/coco2.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://five.pairlist.net/pipermail/coco/2003-October/000390.html]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://142.179.110.134/~jeffv/cocodisk/issue68.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:people]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:scams]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Stephen_Disney&amp;diff=4542</id>
		<title>Stephen Disney</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Stephen_Disney&amp;diff=4542"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T14:09:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: added details&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavScams}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1999 Stephen Disney became the new editor of [[World of 68&#039; Micros|&amp;quot;The World of 68 Micros Magazine&amp;quot;]] then scandal struck! When Frank Swygert decided to stop printing the magazine he sought someone who would take it over as a hobby, being clear that it was a break-even proposition. Stephen Disney was the only one to step forward with a genuine interest. Frank met with Stphen and his wife personally before accepting the offer, after several e-mails and phone conversations. Unfortunately Stephen met with some personal issues shortly after taking over and had to stop. Even more unfortunate was that about 100 CoCo enthusisats lost money from renewals and a couple other projects Stephen had going on. It is believed that an unexpected divorce was the main factor, but no one was ever able to get in touch with Stephen to find out what happened. That lack of communication is the main source of consternation. I do beleive that people wouldn&#039;t have been nearly as disguntled if they knew for sure what happened. Frank offered some back issues to those who contacted him, and later gave Glenside CoCo Club rights to reproduce back issues (along with copies of all the files). Dennis Kitsz made good on unfilled orders of &amp;quot;Learning the 6809&amp;quot; as well. It&#039;s unfortunate that things like this happen, but in a small hobby community it sometimes does. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From: http://zeppelin.tzo.cc/coco/coco.html&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1999 October 15: ... &amp;quot;disappeared into thin air&amp;quot; with some of the Coco community&#039;s hard earned money.&lt;br /&gt;
He&#039;s left quite a mess behind him too. Publication of &amp;quot;The World of 68 Micros&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
will be permanently discontinued, and the MP3 &amp;quot;learn the 6809&amp;quot; project is of course down the tubes - &lt;br /&gt;
as well as the bulk purchase of 6309&#039;s from South Africa. Anyone who has information about where this &lt;br /&gt;
person is - and why he&#039;s ignored repeated attempts to get a hold of him PLEASE contact someone within&lt;br /&gt;
 the Coco Community...&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And from :[[http://142.179.110.134/~jeffv/cocodisk/issue68.htm |COCO FRIENDS DISK MAGAZINE Issue #68]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Learning the 6809&lt;br /&gt;
Dennis Kitsz&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hi all,&lt;br /&gt;
       if you bought &amp;quot;[[Learning the 6809]]&amp;quot; from&lt;br /&gt;
Stephen Disney and did not receive a copy, please&lt;br /&gt;
email me. Then, if you have a cancelled check or&lt;br /&gt;
other document you can send me, I will make good on&lt;br /&gt;
Disney&#039;s failure and send you your copy.&lt;br /&gt;
[snip..]&lt;br /&gt;
In the meantime, I&#039;d like to clean up the Disney&lt;br /&gt;
mess.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.cadigital.com/coco2.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://five.pairlist.net/pipermail/coco/2003-October/000390.html]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://142.179.110.134/~jeffv/cocodisk/issue68.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:people]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:scams]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Stephen_Disney&amp;diff=4541</id>
		<title>Stephen Disney</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Stephen_Disney&amp;diff=4541"/>
		<updated>2012-06-12T13:28:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavScams}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In 1999 Stephen Disney became the new editor of [[World of 68&#039; Micros|&amp;quot;The World of 68 Micros Magazine&amp;quot;]] then scandal struck! (see main &amp;quot;world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; entry for details)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From: http://zeppelin.tzo.cc/coco/coco.html&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1999 October 15: ... &amp;quot;disappeared into thin air&amp;quot; with some of the Coco community&#039;s hard earned money.&lt;br /&gt;
He&#039;s left quite a mess behind him too. Publication of &amp;quot;The World of 68 Micros&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
will be permanently discontinued, and the MP3 &amp;quot;learn the 6809&amp;quot; project is of course down the tubes - &lt;br /&gt;
as well as the bulk purchase of 6309&#039;s from South Africa. Anyone who has information about where this &lt;br /&gt;
person is - and why he&#039;s ignored repeated attempts to get a hold of him PLEASE contact someone within&lt;br /&gt;
 the Coco Community...&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And from :[[http://142.179.110.134/~jeffv/cocodisk/issue68.htm |COCO FRIENDS DISK MAGAZINE Issue #68]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Learning the 6809&lt;br /&gt;
Dennis Kitsz&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hi all,&lt;br /&gt;
       if you bought &amp;quot;[[Learning the 6809]]&amp;quot; from&lt;br /&gt;
Stephen Disney and did not receive a copy, please&lt;br /&gt;
email me. Then, if you have a cancelled check or&lt;br /&gt;
other document you can send me, I will make good on&lt;br /&gt;
Disney&#039;s failure and send you your copy.&lt;br /&gt;
[snip..]&lt;br /&gt;
In the meantime, I&#039;d like to clean up the Disney&lt;br /&gt;
mess.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/pre&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.cadigital.com/coco2.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://five.pairlist.net/pipermail/coco/2003-October/000390.html]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://142.179.110.134/~jeffv/cocodisk/issue68.htm]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:people]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[category:scams]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=3565</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=3565"/>
		<updated>2008-01-24T15:57:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* Background */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@att.net&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
 Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: 1991 ?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 7 years: ??&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*January 95&lt;br /&gt;
*January 96&lt;br /&gt;
*January 97&lt;br /&gt;
*January 98&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid off for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, so as long as it was a break even proposition I&#039;d have continued. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. There are a few copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; and several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/Farna). I retain copyright to all publications, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@att.net.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=3564</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=3564"/>
		<updated>2008-01-24T15:51:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* Background */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;quot;The World of 68&#039; Micros.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From website:&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;We offer support for all Motorola based computer systems and microcontrollers, and the OS-9 operating system.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==General Information==&lt;br /&gt;
This magazine was published on a bi-monthy basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Managing Editor:[[Francis Swygert |Frank G. Swygert]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Email: farna@att.net&lt;br /&gt;
	&lt;br /&gt;
Associate Editor:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Stephen Disney]]&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Publisher:&lt;br /&gt;
 [[FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros]]&lt;br /&gt;
 Warner Robins, GA 31099-0321&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Issues==&lt;br /&gt;
First Published: 1991 ?&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Number of Issues Published over 7 years: ??&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*January 95&lt;br /&gt;
*January 96&lt;br /&gt;
*January 97&lt;br /&gt;
*January 98&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Background==&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- [[Francis Swygert|Frank (Francis) Swygert]]. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid of for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, so as long as it was a break even proposition I&#039;d have continued. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker, Stephen Disney. We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making any money off the deal, it would basically be a hobby that paid its own way. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately Stephen ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out (4-5 total), and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with Stephen again. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think Stephen had some personal problems (a divorce?) that caused his sudden disappearance from the CoCo community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect, however, I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be the stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago, around 1998. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were permanently retired. If anyone has one of them, by the way, I&#039;d like to know what became of them! They would be easy to spot -- one was in a modified Tandy 2000 case with a space cut out for a 3.5&amp;quot; floppy drive, and the other was in a Kaypro II metal &amp;quot;luggable&amp;quot; case painted blue with a red and a green stripe on it. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. There are a few copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; and several other FARNA publications (&amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Mastering OS-9&amp;quot;, DECB and OS-9 &amp;quot;Quick Reference Guides&amp;quot;) on the CoCo-List file site available for free downloading (ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/Farna). I retain copyright to all publications, but am making them available freely for personal use only. No sales or posting to other sites without my specific permission (which I have given to a couple sites). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@att.net.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Reference==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20021219132513/http://www.home.pon.net/kf6ntg/68micros/ 68micros]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Publications]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Magazines]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=FARNA_Systems_/_68%27_micros&amp;diff=3561</id>
		<title>FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=FARNA_Systems_/_68%27_micros&amp;diff=3561"/>
		<updated>2007-11-09T18:34:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: History of FARNA submitted by owner.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{NavCompanies}}&lt;br /&gt;
FARNA Systems / 68&#039; micros&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Publishers of [[World of 68&#039; Micros|&amp;quot;The World of 68 Micros&amp;quot;]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The history below is excerpted from &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; (2006 updated version), with minor editing. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FARNA Systems    by F. G. Swygert&lt;br /&gt;
The first real program I wrote for the Color Computer was a genealogy database. My father had been working on our family genealogy and asked me if there was a program for the CoCo. We tried using one published in Rainbow, but it wasn&#039;t powerful enough. I then searched the PC SIG database on Delphi for a BASIC genealogy program for the IBM PC. I found one by the name of &amp;quot;Genealogy ON DISPLAY!&amp;quot;. Equipped with a general knowledge of BASIC on both the CoCo and IBM PC (GW-BASIC or BASIC-A), and &amp;quot;BASIC Program Conversions&amp;quot; (HP Books), I proceeded to &amp;quot;convert&amp;quot; the program to the CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is a good reason &amp;quot;convert&amp;quot; is in quotes... it isn&#039;t the correct word! GW-BASIC has several keywords unavailable to the CoCo, variable names can be up to eight characters long, and the memory limit is around 60K, not the CoCos 32K. Genealogy ON DISPLAY! was made up of twelve individual modules. Each one had to be totally re-written to work on the CoCo 3. It wasn&#039;t an easy job... I finally completed the work after a year of on and off laboring. My father would start using each module as it was finished, so the programs were thoroughly debugged. Few bugs found their way into the commercial version, which was ready for the public in early 1991.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had thought of uploading the program to Delphi , but wasn&#039;t about to give away that much work! I started selling the genealogy program early in 1992. I ran my first ad in The Rainbow that May. Up until then, I had been involved with installing point of sell and other programs for small businesses. There wasn&#039;t much work for a small, part time operation in this field, so I turned my attention to my real love, the CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I got my first CoCo thanks to my first hobby and a Timex Sinclair 1500. My first hobby is old cars, specifically sixties AMC/Ramblers, my personal driver being a 1963 Rambler Classic. I wrote and published a book on the history of the AMC Rambler using a typewriter. This lead me to realize a computer would be much easier for that type work! Due to limited funds, an IBM PC was out of the question (PCs were still priced over $1000 with dual floppy drives and a monochrome monitor in 1985!). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I first purchased a Timex Sinclair  T/S 1500 from a pawn shop for $50. I also purchased a couple books on the little beast. I wasn&#039;t much of a typist, so the small calculator type keys wouldn&#039;t present much of a problem. The entire unit was only 8 1/2&amp;quot; wide, 5 1/2&amp;quot; deep, and 1 1/2&amp;quot; thick, with all of 16K RAM.  I soon found one fatal flaw in the 1500. It used a bit by bit printer port that was designed for the little 40 column T/S printer ONLY. No full size printer could use that port, and a serial printer interface would cost $100.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Well, I determined I could get another small computer for that price, as the bottom had fallen out of the &amp;quot;home computer&amp;quot; market. TI99/4A computers were being sold in department stores for $49.95 (around 1985)! I did some research this time around, and decided that of all the small computers, the Tandy Color Computer 2 was the best.  Not only did it have a serial port that many printers would connect to, but the disk drives were standard units except for the controller. I soon located a used CoCo2 for $100... about half the cost of a new one.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I started out with a cassette recorder and  Scripsit cartridge. The problem with the cartridge was the lack of an ASCII save feature. I purchased a copy of Telewriter 64 on tape and was in heaven! I then ordered a surplus IBM PC jr. thermal printer and made a special cable to adapt it to my CoCo. I only paid $49 for that printer. It required thermal paper, but was full size. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I eagerly sought all the information I could on my new computer. In many ways, it was just like my Rambler... simple, durable, and efficient, doing its&#039; required job with few problems.  I got a subscription to Rainbow, and bought a couple boxes of older magazines from a friend who was switching to an IBM compatible. I saw no reason... my CoCo (by now a CoCo 3 and RGB monitor) did all I needed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I completed my second book, a complete history of all AMC products, on the CoCo 3 in 1992. ASCII files were transferred from the CoCo (written with Simply Better) to a Macintosh at a local copy shop. The book was then assembled using PageMaker and printed on a laser printer. The text quality was exceptional, especially when compared to that first work. It was this book which kept the ads in Rainbow going, as the ads were expensive and software sales weren&#039;t up to justify the cost, though the software was moderately successful.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Falsoft had announced a history of the CoCo, but then told us they wouldn&#039;t be printing due to unexpected problems the authors were having (health problems), but they would reconsider if another author was found. About six months after this, about a year ago now, I had finished  my AMC book. Since I&#039;d have the time to write about the CoCo now, I gave Falsoft a call. I was asked to send in my ideas and a sample of my writing. The idea at Falsoft was to make a compendium of recollections from long time CoCo users, the pioneers of the CoCo as it were. In my opinion, what the CoCo community really needed was an all encompassing reference, not just a simple history. Support was floundering all around us... we needed a collection of all those valuable tid-bits of information that would be helpful to all users! Falsoft turned my ideas down by merely saying they were no longer interested in publishing the history. At that point, I decided to go ahead and write the book, &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, published in 1993. It should be noted that had Falsoft stated that they were interested in printing a history, but not my ideas for a complete reference, I would have been willing to go ahead with whatever they wanted.  In a way, I&#039;m glad it didn&#039;t turn out like that.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When The Rainbow hit an all time low of 16 pages, I was greatly concerned about future CoCo support.  I wrote Mr. Falk a letter expressing an interest in possibly buying out Rainbow. About a week later, I got a call from him. We talked a while, and it was apparent I couldn&#039;t come up with the funds needed for The Rainbow. About two weeks passed and I received another call from Mr. Falk. They were getting ready to cease publication of the Rainbow (this was in February of 1993),  and would consider a sum much lower than he had originally mentioned. This lower amount was somewhat attainable, so I discussed the idea with several potential investors. The outcome of these discussions was that they didn&#039;t think it was a reasonable risk, $90-100,000 would be invested in all, but they would be interested in helping to support a new magazine. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I  gave the idea of starting a magazine from scratch some thought.  With the support of several influential CoCo people, I decided it could be done.  I contacted several people who had published small CoCo publications in the past. All had ceased publication, but were willing to give much helpful information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With my research in pricing and publishing in mind, I formulated plans to start a new magazine. In order to survive, the magazine would have to leave the door open for OS-9 and OSK support, but for the present and near future, CoCo Disk BASIC support  would be the priority. The title was finalized as &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; (all lower case.. &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot;... letters), with a sub-heading spelling out &amp;quot;Tandy Color Computer, OS-9, OSK&amp;quot;.  This would prevent the necessity of a future name change.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As stated, the primary goal of &amp;quot;68&#039; micros&amp;quot; would be support of the Color Computer. To begin with, the target would be a CoCo BASIC content of around 70% with the remaining 30% coverage for OS-9 and OSK combined. In all fairness, articles that pertained equally to all operating systems would be included in the Cocas&#039; 70% (such as Bill Stamatas&#039; &amp;quot;C Programming&amp;quot; series, which is based on the &amp;quot;CoCo-C&amp;quot; compiler, but can be used with ANY compiler.). Also, the percentages would have to change with the subscriber base. As long as a high percentage was CoCo BASIC users, the content for those would remain high. As people moved away from the CoCo, something that was inevitable, then a higher percentage would be devoted to OS-9 and OSK. I expected the CoCo BASIC users to keep at least 50% of the magazine for the next five years... I myself was primarily a DECB user!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had intended to base percentages on reader surveys, which would be done yearly and when one sent in a subscription form. Unfortunately, there just weren&#039;t enough responses to base anything on. The problem is the old chicken and egg routine. You have to have a chicken to get an egg, but you have to have an egg to get a chicken.  I had DECB users, so I had to support them. In order to attract OS-9/OSK users, I had to show some support, but I needed articles from some of those users to print! And I didn&#039;t want to alienate the DECB users either. So instead of growing in to a new market, I just ended up supporting the old until it just got to be more trouble than it was worth to me. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I spent 40+ hours on each magazine, and earned about $2.00 an hour. I&#039;d grown in my own computer needs that the CoCo could no longer fill them, and there was no affordable OS-9/OSK machine that had the software base to do the things I wanted to do. Like most CoCo users, I migrated to a PC clone computer instead of a more expensive and ultimately less capable (due to lack of software) OSK machine. Not only that, but I was getting more involved in my first love, AMC cars, and I had a new wife and family that I needed to spend time with. I just didn&#039;t have time and money for two big hobbies, and my Rambler won out. But don&#039;t think the CoCo was slighted any -- I even told my new wife (celebrated our 10th anniversary in December 2005!) that the Rambler had seniority even over her! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m . The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit, and a trip to Chicago for $200-300 was still a bargain. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, so as long as it was a break even proposition I&#039;d have continued. Note that I wasn&#039;t including any overhead costs (computer supplies, space, etc.) when I say I was &amp;quot;making&amp;quot; $2.00 an hour, but that wasn&#039;t a real consideration -- I&#039;d have had a computer and needed space anyway. In reality I only needed a few more office supplies and storage space for 268&#039;m, though I really didn&#039;t need a laser printer and a few other things except for the magazine. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in 1998 I still had a loyal subscriber base of 125-150 people (peak had been just over 400) that still had an interest in the CoCo. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker! We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making much money off the deal. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately that person ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the two I paid for. Around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with the person again, and forgot who it was a long time ago. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think the guy had personal problems (matbe a divorce?) that caused the sudden drop. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Instead of packing my CoCo 3s up and keeping them, I made the tough decision to sell them. I figured that someone willing to pay a fair price for them would have to have a keen interest in the CoCo, and would continue to put them to good use for a while. I sometimes wish I still had one of them, but I don&#039;t regret that they continued in service at least while longer. Being an old car nut, I&#039;ve always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were retired. I do still have a couple CoCo1s and a 2 that I put in storage as future collectibles though. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If anyone wants copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot;, the ones I had electronic versions of are available at ftp://maltedmedia.com/coco/Farna (type this in your browser address space and you&#039;ll get a directory, click on &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot;, then double click on any .pdf file to download -- the .pm4 files are only usable with PageMaker version 4 or 5 programs). You will find other FARNA publications and programs there as well, including &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;. A couple years ago I made all the software public domain. I retain the copyright to the books, but have given that site permission to host them and make them freely available for personal use only -- just don&#039;t sell anything! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
FARNA Systems is still in the small publishing business. Currently I&#039;m printing an AMC/Rambler quarterly magazine and working on a couple more AMC/Rambler publications. I also provide services to others who wish to get their small publishing projects off the ground. See the FARNA Systems web site at http://farna.home.att.net.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Roadmap&amp;diff=3357</id>
		<title>Roadmap</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Roadmap&amp;diff=3357"/>
		<updated>2007-02-03T21:14:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Emulation First...???&lt;br /&gt;
Anything emulated can be put into hardware later. It&#039;s important for this to be possible. The emulator will just lack one thing that hardware will have -- a CoCo bus (cartridge port) to attach things to. Otherwise, the two should strictly follow each other. There are things that could be done in emulation that can&#039;t be done in hardware, and vice-versa. If the emulator is designed with hardware in mind, the two &amp;quot;levels&amp;quot; of CC5 (emulation and hardware) will be compatible, increasing the potential number of users. This is imperative! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An emulator doesn&#039;t have to look like a PC. There are many small boards out there that can be used to build a custom cased system. So what a CC5 looks like is open to the individual&#039;s initerpretation -- whether it&#039;s an emulator or new hardware. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For this reason it would be best, IMHO, if the emulator didn&#039;t require Windows. Some form of DOS would work, maybe even a scaled down Linux. Something that would easily boot from a flash memory card. One thing I miss about a CoCo is turning it on and having it ready to go in a few seconds. I don&#039;t think it&#039;s necessary to boot immediately from ROM -- all computer users are used to having to wait for a system to boot now. Windows just takes so long to boot it&#039;s not worht the overhead. Besides, the goal is to have the emulator look and &amp;quot;feel&amp;quot; like something other than a standard PC. It should boot straight into the emulator with the background OS as transparent as possible. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The URLs for the two most common CC3 emulators are: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. http://www.vavasour.ca/jeff/trs80.html  --  By Jeff Vavasour. Freeware, no support from author. Written in 16 bit Intel machine language. Site includes source code. Will not run under Windows. There is also a beta version in source code only that has 640x480 16-color and 320x200 256-color video modes, support for the full PC keyboard, and 16MB of RAM. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. http://discover-net.net/~dmkeil/coco/coco3.htm  --  By David Kiel. Supported by author. Written in 16 bit Intel machine language. No source code. Will run under Windows 95 and 98. Will run under 2000 and XP, but access to PC hardware such as: Sound / Joystick / Floppy or Serial I/O are not supported in 2000 or XP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Kiel emulator also has some added features such as additional graphics resolutions. I suggest all the added features be included in the CC5 emulator. What I&#039;d really think would be best is if the Kiel emulator could be re-written to include any added features that can be translated into hardware, delete those that can&#039;t (but not utilities that work in the underlying DOS, such as disk transfers), and/or change features that can&#039;t be translated into hardware in such a way that they will work on the emulator and in a hardware translation in the same manner. Since Jeff Vavasour has generously given the community source code, it might be best to start with his beta version code and work from there. Both of these require a programmer with 16 bit Intel experience. Any takers? &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;d also like to see memory mapping expanded to allow more memory in BASIC, and some enhancements to BASIC. Enhancing BASIC in such a way that it will remain backwards compatible will be the most difficult. Since any programs written on a CC5 that take advantage of enhancements won&#039;t run on a CC3, maybe backwards compatibility of BASIC isn&#039;t important. There could always be a way to switch to an original CoCo ROM for compatibility, maybe a boot software switch for the emulator, and a hardware switch for the actual board, to allow booting in one or the other at start-up. There could be a third position for OS-9 -- which would also need some tweaking to take advantage of any new enhancements to the &amp;quot;hardware&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As far as a base hardware platform for the emulator, both the above will run on P166 machines. I&#039;m setting an HP Omnibook P133 up with the Vavasour emulator now... or at least attempting to!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Frank Swygert&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Roadmap&amp;diff=3356</id>
		<title>Roadmap</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Roadmap&amp;diff=3356"/>
		<updated>2007-02-03T18:53:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Emulation First...???&lt;br /&gt;
Anything emulated can be put into hardware later. It&#039;s important for this to be possible. The emulator will just lack one thing that hardware will have -- a CoCo bus (cartridge port) to attach things to. Otherwise, the two should strictly follow each other. There are things that could be done in emulation that can&#039;t be done in hardware, and vice-versa. If the emulator is designed with hardware in mind, the two &amp;quot;levels&amp;quot; of CC5 (emulation and hardware) will be compatible, increasing the potential number of users. This is imperative! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An emulator doesn&#039;t have to look like a PC. There are many small boards out there that can be used to build a custom cased system. So what a CC5 looks like is open to the individual&#039;s initerpretation -- whether it&#039;s an emulator or new hardware. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For this reason it would be best, IMHO, if the emulator didn&#039;t require Windows. Some form of DOS would work, maybe even a scaled down Linux. Something that would easily boot from a flash memory card. One thing I miss about a CoCo is turning it on and having it ready to go in a few seconds. I don&#039;t think it&#039;s necessary to boot immediately from ROM -- all computer users are used to having to wait for a system to boot now. Windows just takes so long to boot it&#039;s not worht the overhead. Besides, the goal is to have the emulator look and &amp;quot;feel&amp;quot; like something other than a standard PC. It should boot straight into the emulator with the background OS as transparent as possible. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The URLs for the two most common CC3 emulators are: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. http://www.vavasour.ca/jeff/trs80.html  --  By Jeff Vavasour. Freeware, no support from author. Written in 16 bit Intel machine language. Site includes source code. Will not run under Windows. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. http://discover-net.net/~dmkeil/coco/coco3.htm  --  By David Kiel. Supported by author. Written in 16 bit Intel machine language. No source code. Will run under Windows 95 and 98. Will run under 2000 and XP, but access to PC hardware such as: Sound / Joystick / Floppy or Serial I/O are not supported in 2000 or XP.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Kiel emulator also has some added features such as additional graphics resolutions. I suggest all the added features be included in the CC5 emulator. What I&#039;d really think would be best is if the Kiel emulator could be re-written to include any added features that can be translated into hardware, delete those that can&#039;t (but not utilities that work in the underlying DOS, such as disk transfers), and/or change features that can&#039;t be translated into hardware in such a way that they will work on the emulator and in a hardware translation in the same manner. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;d also like to see memory mapping expanded to allow more memory in BASIC, and some enhancements to BASIC. Enhancing BASIC in such a way that it will remain backwards compatible will be the most difficult. Since any programs written on a CC5 that take advantage of enhancements won&#039;t run on a CC3, maybe backwards compatibility of BASIC isn&#039;t important. There could always be a way to switch to an original CoCo ROM for compatibility, maybe a boot software switch for the emulator, and a hardware switch for the actual board, to allow booting in one or the other at start-up. There could be a third position for OS-9 -- which would also need some tweaking to take advantage of any new enhancements to the &amp;quot;hardware&amp;quot;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Frank Swygert&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=History_and_Rationale&amp;diff=3355</id>
		<title>History and Rationale</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=History_and_Rationale&amp;diff=3355"/>
		<updated>2007-02-03T18:17:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* History and Rationale */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== History and Rationale ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Soon after Tandy discontinued the CoCo 3, Color Computer enthusiasts and vendors set out to pick up where Tandy left off, continuing development along trajectories implied by previous CoCo generations.  The two main contenders for the unofficial title of &amp;quot;CoCo 4&amp;quot; were the TC-9 Tomcat(optionally in combination with the TC-70) from Frank Hogg Labs, and the Multi Media / 1 (MM/1) from Interactive Media Systems, and later Blackhawk Enterprises.  Each achieved some limited measure of success in the CoCo marketplace, but both were plagued with technical difficulties resulting in shipping delays and low availability, and were hindered by the limited resources available to the small businesses that promoted them.  At the same time, all the non-IBM-compatible systems were disappearing, with the exception of Apple, as the age of the Microsoft-dominated commodity PC dawned.  But more than anything else, one factor served to fragment what remained of the CoCo marketplace -- the lack of standardization between the competing systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The TC-9 took the more conservative approach, maintaining some degree of hardware and binary software compatibility with the CoCo 3, while the MM/1 maintained partial software compatibility only at the level of source code for OS-9 programs.  The TC-9 was an advancement over the CoCo 3, but not sufficiently more powerful as to convince the majority of CoCo 3 owners to spend the money on it rather than one of the even more powerful M68K machines like the MM/1, FHL&#039;s own TC-70, or a generic x86 PC.  The 68000-based CoCo 4 candidates, while much more powerful than the 6x09-based systems, were not fast enough for practical software emulation of the CoCo, which meant that those who wanted to run CoCo software that hadn&#039;t been ported to OS-9/68K would still need to keep a CoCo or TC-9 running alongside the new system.  To further complicate the issue, other upgrade options, such as an HD6309 CPU upgrade, and Chris Burke&#039;s aborted Rocket design, made the tough decision of where to put a programmer&#039;s software development time even more difficult.  Freedom of choice is a good thing, but schizophrenia in a marketplace as small as the CoCo&#039;s is disastrous. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So the fourth generation of CoCo development can be characterized by a lack of standardization, diverging technologies, and the encroaching influence of the commodity PC industry.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, two decades out from the introduction of the CoCo 3, the domination of the commodity PC is all but complete.  There is no major computer manufacturer using anything but x86 architecture, and even Apple has dropped &amp;quot;Computer&amp;quot; from its name.  Surely everyone who still owns or once owned a Color Computer now has a PC or a Mac, and likely has had more than one.  Commodity hardware far more powerful than the CoCo is cheap or free.  There is simply no way an updated CoCo design could compete with modern PCs on their own terms.  But this fact can actually be liberating.  Since nobody needs the CoCo to compete with the PC on a technical level, it removes a major constraint on the design of an updated CoCo.  The money someone might spend on new CoCo hardware is coming out of the hobby budget, or the entertainment budget, not out of the hard-nosed pragmatic PC application budget.  If the CoCo can no longer be considered a serious contender as a general purpose PC, there&#039;s no need to try and justify it as such. It can be what it will be.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So if the CoCo can&#039;t be seen as a realistic general purpose personal computer anymore, why still use it?  Why update it?  What are the qualities of the CoCo that keep people playing with it, working on it, discussing it, and celebrating it decades into its obsolescence?  Though in many ways modern computers are indisputably superior, these advances have often come at the expense of other virtues.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Reasons to use a CoCo in the 21st century:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.  Nostalgia and Retro-Cool&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2.  Software Simplicity -- easy to program&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3.  Hardware Simplicity -- easy to interface&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4.  Educational Accessibility -- easy to understand.  Provides a great platform for learning&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5.  Open Frontier of Opportunity -- Not everything has already been done on a CoCo.  You can be a big fish in a small pond if you write a ground-breaking CoCo program.  You can still be the first person to write a web browser for the CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
6.  Aesthetic Considerations -- There&#039;s something compelling about the feel of the CoCo.  The rather cartoonish look of recent mainstream graphical user interfaces goes to show that garish colors and large typefaces aren&#039;t always a bad thing.  More seriously, the CoCo has an immediacy and responsiveness that is lacking in modern computing, with its virtual memory and long boot-up times.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
7.  Robustness.  If the CoCo loses power unexpectedly, the likelihood of disk corruption is quite low.  It would only be an issue if the power loss happened during actual I/O operations.  If you&#039;ve saved your work, you can just switch it off.  With modern computers, just powering down the system can be a chore.  The user becomes a grovelling supplicant.  With the CoCo, the user is master.  Just save your work and pull the plug.  And having BASIC (and potentially NitrOS-9) in nonvolitile memory dramatically reduces the risk of permanent operating system corruption.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
8.  Historical Preservation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With no further need to compete against the PC, CoCo development can (perhaps inevitably must) instead leverage the power of interconnected commodity computers.  Hardware, software, and content development can all be facilitated by harnessing the capabilities of modern PCs to serve the needs of the CoCo community.  The fourth generation of CoCo development was hindered by competition from generic PCs.  The fifth generation will be made possible by collaboration conducted over an Internet infrastructure built on generic PCs.  And while the fourth generation of CoCo development was plagued by a proliferation of incompatible systems, the fifth can be aided by community-developed standards for interoperability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We are now living in an era when PCs can easily emulate simple systems like the CoCo at speeds much faster than the actual hardware, and hobbyists can implement 8-bit computers on FPGAs.  Software emulation of the CoCo is here today, and FPGA implementations of CoCo functionality is all but inevitable.  The only remaining questions are whether to enhance the CoCo&#039;s design beyond the capabilities of the CoCo 3 circa 1986, and if so, in what way.  There are many reasons to emulate a CoCo in software, and many reasons to want to implement a new hardware design.  But this time there are no excuses for not remembering the lessons of the fourth generation of CoCo development.  Certainly now, if never before, the base of CoCo users and developers is too small to be split up into rival camps.  A shared specification for a fifth generation CoCo compatible is essential.  The talents and resources of no willing CoCo enthusiasts can be rejected out of hand because of their commitment to a rival, incompatible design.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By comparing the CoCo to the present computer paradigm, we can see not only how far we&#039;ve come, but also what we&#039;ve lost.  This could just provide an inkling of possible future directions for computers in general.  History moves in both straight lines and circles.  Its helical nature encapsulates both linear progress and the repetition of cycles.  The first great era of garage startups is long past.  Companies have come and gone, and morphed into new forms.  Industries have consolidated, with decidedly mixed results.  Commoditization around a de-facto Wintel standard means interoperability and ease of use for the end user and the virus proliferator alike.  But perhaps new technologies, such as software emulation, FPGAs, and personal CNC machines; and new methodologies, such as open-source style collaboration, can usher in a new era of hobbyist-driven innovation.  Maybe an updated CoCo project can play some small role in such a future.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Joel Ewy&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=History_and_Rationale&amp;diff=3354</id>
		<title>History and Rationale</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=History_and_Rationale&amp;diff=3354"/>
		<updated>2007-02-03T18:14:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: /* History and Rationale */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;== History and Rationale ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Soon after Tandy discontinued the CoCo 3, Color Computer enthusiasts and vendors set out to pick up where Tandy left off, continuing development along trajectories implied by previous CoCo generations.  The two main contenders for the unofficial title of &amp;quot;CoCo 4&amp;quot; were the TC-9 Tomcat(optionally in combination with the TC-70) from Frank Hogg Labs, and the Multi Media / 1 (MM/1) from Interactive Media Systems, and later Blackhawk Enterprises.  Each achieved some limited measure of success in the CoCo marketplace, but both were plagued with technical difficulties resulting in shipping delays and low availability, and were hindered by the limited resources available to the small businesses that promoted them.  At the same time, all the non-IBM-compatible systems were disappearing, with the exception of Apple, as the age of the Microsoft-dominated commodity PC dawned.  But more than anything else, one factor served to fragment what remained of the CoCo marketplace -- the lack of standardization between the competing systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The TC-9 took the more conservative approach, maintaining some degree of hardware and binary software compatibility with the CoCo 3, while the MM/1 maintained partial software compatibility only at the level of source code for OS-9 programs.  The TC-9 was an advancement over the CoCo 3, but not sufficiently more powerful as to convince the majority of CoCo 3 owners to spend the money on it rather than one of the even more powerful M68K machines like the MM/1, FHL&#039;s own TC-70, or a generic x86 PC.  The 68000-based CoCo 4 candidates, while much more powerful than the 6x09-based systems, were not fast enough for practical software emulation of the CoCo, which meant that those who wanted to run CoCo software that hadn&#039;t been ported to OS-9/68K would still need to keep a CoCo or TC-9 running alongside the new system.  To further complicate the issue, other upgrade options, such as an HD6309 CPU upgrade, and Chris Burke&#039;s aborted Rocket design, made the tough decision of where to put a programmer&#039;s software development time even more difficult.  Freedom of choice is a good thing, but schizophrenia in a marketplace as small as the CoCo&#039;s is disastrous. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So the fourth generation of CoCo development can be characterized by a lack of standardization, diverging technologies, and the encroaching influence of the commodity PC industry.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, two decades out from the introduction of the CoCo 3, the domination of the commodity PC is all but complete.  There is no major computer manufacturer using anything but x86 architecture, and even Apple has dropped &amp;quot;Computer&amp;quot; from its name.  Surely everyone who still owns or once owned a Color Computer now has a PC or a Mac, and likely has had more than one.  Commodity hardware far more powerful than the CoCo is cheap or free.  There is simply no way an updated CoCo design could compete with modern PCs on their own terms.  But this fact can actually be liberating.  Since nobody needs the CoCo to compete with the PC on a technical level, it removes a major constraint on the design of an updated CoCo.  The money someone might spend on new CoCo hardware is coming out of the hobby budget, or the entertainment budget, not out of the hard-nosed pragmatic PC application budget.  If the CoCo can no longer be considered a serious contender as a general purpose PC, there&#039;s no need to try and justify it as such. It can be what it will be.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So if the CoCo can&#039;t be seen as a realistic general purpose personal computer anymore, why still use it?  Why update it?  What are the qualities of the CoCo that keep people playing with it, working on it, discussing it, and celebrating it decades into its obsolescence?  Though in many ways modern computers are indisputably superior, these advances have often come at the expense of other virtues.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Reasons to use a CoCo in the 21st century:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1.  Nostalgia and Retro-Cool /p&lt;br /&gt;
2.  Software Simplicity -- easy to program&lt;br /&gt;
3.  Hardware Simplicity -- easy to interface&lt;br /&gt;
4.  Educational Accessibility -- easy to understand.  Provides a great platform for learning&lt;br /&gt;
5.  Open Frontier of Opportunity -- Not everything has already been done on a CoCo.  You can be a big fish in a small pond if you write a ground-breaking CoCo program.  You can still be the first person to write a web browser for the CoCo.&lt;br /&gt;
6.  Aesthetic Considerations -- There&#039;s something compelling about the feel of the CoCo.  The rather cartoonish look of recent mainstream graphical user interfaces goes to show that garish colors and large typefaces aren&#039;t always a bad thing.  More seriously, the CoCo has an immediacy and responsiveness that is lacking in modern computing, with its virtual memory and long boot-up times.&lt;br /&gt;
7.  Robustness.  If the CoCo loses power unexpectedly, the likelihood of disk corruption is quite low.  It would only be an issue if the power loss happened during actual I/O operations.  If you&#039;ve saved your work, you can just switch it off.  With modern computers, just powering down the system can be a chore.  The user becomes a grovelling supplicant.  With the CoCo, the user is master.  Just save your work and pull the plug.  And having BASIC (and potentially NitrOS-9) in nonvolitile memory dramatically reduces the risk of permanent operating system corruption.&lt;br /&gt;
8.  Historical Preservation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With no further need to compete against the PC, CoCo development can (perhaps inevitably must) instead leverage the power of interconnected commodity computers.  Hardware, software, and content development can all be facilitated by harnessing the capabilities of modern PCs to serve the needs of the CoCo community.  The fourth generation of CoCo development was hindered by competition from generic PCs.  The fifth generation will be made possible by collaboration conducted over an Internet infrastructure built on generic PCs.  And while the fourth generation of CoCo development was plagued by a proliferation of incompatible systems, the fifth can be aided by community-developed standards for interoperability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We are now living in an era when PCs can easily emulate simple systems like the CoCo at speeds much faster than the actual hardware, and hobbyists can implement 8-bit computers on FPGAs.  Software emulation of the CoCo is here today, and FPGA implementations of CoCo functionality is all but inevitable.  The only remaining questions are whether to enhance the CoCo&#039;s design beyond the capabilities of the CoCo 3 circa 1986, and if so, in what way.  There are many reasons to emulate a CoCo in software, and many reasons to want to implement a new hardware design.  But this time there are no excuses for not remembering the lessons of the fourth generation of CoCo development.  Certainly now, if never before, the base of CoCo users and developers is too small to be split up into rival camps.  A shared specification for a fifth generation CoCo compatible is essential.  The talents and resources of no willing CoCo enthusiasts can be rejected out of hand because of their commitment to a rival, incompatible design.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
By comparing the CoCo to the present computer paradigm, we can see not only how far we&#039;ve come, but also what we&#039;ve lost.  This could just provide an inkling of possible future directions for computers in general.  History moves in both straight lines and circles.  Its helical nature encapsulates both linear progress and the repetition of cycles.  The first great era of garage startups is long past.  Companies have come and gone, and morphed into new forms.  Industries have consolidated, with decidedly mixed results.  Commoditization around a de-facto Wintel standard means interoperability and ease of use for the end user and the virus proliferator alike.  But perhaps new technologies, such as software emulation, FPGAs, and personal CNC machines; and new methodologies, such as open-source style collaboration, can usher in a new era of hobbyist-driven innovation.  Maybe an updated CoCo project can play some small role in such a future.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Joel Ewy&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=2778</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=2778"/>
		<updated>2006-02-12T05:09:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- Frank (Francis) Swygert. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid of for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, so as long as it was a break even proposition I&#039;d have continued. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; (early 1998), I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker! We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making much money off the deal. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unfortunately that person ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out, and around 100 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with the person again, and forgot who it was a long time ago. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think the guy had  personal problems (like a divorce?) that caused the sudden drop.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing something to pick up where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were retired.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If anyone wants copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, or any of the FARNA publications, contact Glenside Color Computer Club. A couple years after 268&#039;m died I donated all the hard copies to them, and made everything public domain. I&#039;ll try to get a copy of &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; as a PDF file for posting on this site. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@att.net.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=2777</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=2777"/>
		<updated>2006-02-05T17:32:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- Frank (Francis) Swygert. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think Rainbow would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers -- in fact writing about the cars is why I bought a CoCo, for word processing). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I should be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a decent sized publisher like Falsoft had become, but would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which would have busted my budget! Luckily I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or negotiating something I could afford. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning (though financially the company pretty much had to). As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the remaining CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like it eventually paid of for Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine (except for start-up costs), was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. I usually made a few hundred dollars at the fests after expenses with back issue, book, and software sales. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start, and I had no allusions that it could grow into anything more. The CoCo community was still thriving at the time, but no one can argue the fact that it was obviously dwindling as time wore on. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The day came that I finally decided I no longer had time to print 268&#039;m -- after seven years of publishing. The last fest I went to had cost me a couple hundred dollars, and I had other interests as well. I didn&#039;t bail because I was no longer making money -- except for the fest trip I was still making a bit. In the end I was working for about $2.00 an hour putting 268&#039;m out. My original goal was to do it with no out-of-pocket costs, so as long as it was a break even proposition I&#039;d have continued. Time for my family and other interests, and a lessening of my interests in the CoCo in general, are the reasons I decided to cease publishing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot;, I did consider the fact that I had a loyal subscriber base that still had an interest in the CoCo. No offense to Lonnie Falk, but I didn&#039;t want to just suddenly drop support like he did. I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost by announcing that fact in the magazine, and letting subscribers know that I wouldn&#039;t just stop printing without warning. After about six months I found a taker! We made an arrangement where I paid for the printing and mailing of the next two issues, and forwarded all renewal funds from the take-over date on. I usually received enough renewals to cover printing and mailing costs between issues even at that late stage of the game, so that plan should have given a little extra to start off. We did discuss all business aspects, and that the magazine alone would be little more than a break-even proposition -- I didn&#039;t want anyone having a false hope of making much money off the deal. Unfortunately that person ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out, and around 150 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with the person again, and forgot who it was a long time ago. It&#039;s possible that after the announcement that I was personally getting out of publishing that a lot of people simply didn&#039;t renew. The two issues printed after I left off were as nicely done as I had printed, in my opinion (the deal included a copy of PageMaker software and templates to ensure reasonable quality and little change in appearance at first -- and no start-up costs). Not getting enough renewals to cover printing and postage expenses would have been disheartening to say the least, but I think the guy had  personal problems (like a divorce?) that caused the sudden drop.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I do realize that something like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing something to pick up where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. In retrospect I think 268&#039;m would have lasted longer and reached a lot more people if he had, and the CoCo community would be stronger for it. But no one can divine the future, and you just don&#039;t know what others are capable of until you&#039;ve seen them work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were retired.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If anyone wants copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, or any of the FARNA publications, contact Glenside Color Computer Club. A couple years after 268&#039;m died I donated all the hard copies to them, and made everything public domain. I&#039;ll try to get a copy of &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; as a PDF file for posting on this site. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@att.net.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=2776</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=2776"/>
		<updated>2006-02-05T17:01:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I&#039;ll eventually get some useful information up here! I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- Frank (Francis) Swygert. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think it would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I might be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a publisher like Falsoft had become, I would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which was something like 15 cents an address at the time, and would have busted my budget! Ironically I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or selling it for a token sum. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning. As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine, was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, sorry, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. Those I made a couple hundred dollars on after expenses with magazine sales and sales at the fest. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start!!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When I stopped printing &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot;, I tried to find someone to take the publication over at no cost. In fact, I paid for printing of the next two issues once someone was found. Unfortunately that person ran into problems and only printed another issue or two after the printing money ran out, and around 250 subscribers lost a little money -- some the entire $20 subscription price, but most half that or less. I never could get in touch with the person again. I do realize that soemthing like that is what Lonnie Falk did not want to happen, and is why he didn&#039;t assist me with continuing something to pick up where &amp;quot;Rainbow&amp;quot; left off. I started to type &amp;quot;take the place of Rainbow&amp;quot;, but that wouldn&#039;t be correct. I don&#039;t think anything could really have done that for two reasons -- 1) Rainbow&#039;s well deserved reputation, and 2) there just wasn&#039;t that big of a CoCo community any more. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Before anyone asks, I no longer have any of the magazines, books, or software I once sold available. I sold my two custom CoCo3s years ago. I considered keeping them, but thought it better to let someone who was still interested in and had the time to play/work with the CoCo have them. I&#039;m an old car nut too, and have always hated seeing a car sitting and rusting away because someone was going to &amp;quot;fix it up one day&amp;quot; -- but you just knew it would never happen. I didn&#039;t want that happening to my CoCos -- I&#039;d rather know someone got a bit more enjoyment from them before they were retired.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If anyone wants copies of &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot;, or any of the FARNA publications, contact Glenside Color Computer Club. A couple years after 268&#039;m died I donated all the hard copies to them, and made everything public domain. I&#039;ll try to get a copy of &amp;quot;Tandy&#039;s Little Wonder&amp;quot; as a PDF file for posting on this site. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Comments? My e-mail is farna@att.net.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=2774</id>
		<title>World of 68&#039; Micros</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.cocopedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=World_of_68%27_Micros&amp;diff=2774"/>
		<updated>2006-01-16T14:42:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Farna: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;I&#039;ll eventually get some useful information up here! I&#039;m the person who conceived of and published &amp;quot;the world of 68&#039; micros&amp;quot; -- Frank (Francis) Swygert. The title is correct -- it was officially in all lower case to emphasize &amp;quot;micro&amp;quot; computers. For shorthand I often used &amp;quot;268&#039;m&amp;quot; in messages on Delphi and in the magazine. I started thinking about something like this when Falsoft started printing Rainbow on newsprint. I didn&#039;t think it would last long after that. I&#039;d been working with a friend who owned a print shop for a while and had self-published a book on AMC cars (my first passion, even before the CoCo or other computers). I thought that if Rainbow stopped publishing, I might be able to put something nice out. I wouldn&#039;t have the overhead and needs of a publisher like Falsoft had become, I would be more like when Falsoft started. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One day I decided to contact Falsoft about possibly taking over Rainbow since it obviously wasn&#039;t making them money. I actually got a letter with Lonnie Falk&#039;s phone number and an invitation to call. In case no one remembers, he was the owner of Falsoft and started Rainbow as a photo copied newsletter. We talked a bit and I laid out my plans. The problem was Lonnie didn&#039;t want to let anyone take over Rainbow. He started it, he wanted to finish it. The main thing is he didn&#039;t want someone taking over then possibly giving it a bad reputation, especially if it folded shortly after, which was a possibility. He had no idea who I was at the time or what my capabilities or determination were, so his position was completely understandable. We discussed my getting the mailing list, but he was a bit reluctant about that too. He ended up offering to sell it at market rate, which was something like 15 cents an address at the time, and would have busted my budget! Ironically I called just in time -- unknown to subscribers, the last issue of Rainbow was being set up right then. Lonnie let me know I had just a couple weeks to get an ad in the last issue -- at their market rate, of course. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You know, I understood the thing about not wanting someone to continue Rainbow as Rainbow, or with any type of official endorsement from Falsoft, but I never did and still don&#039;t understand him not either giving me the mailing list or selling it for a token sum. I was promising to continue to support customers and CoCo enthusiasts that he was abandoning with little warning. As I recall, the only notice (except for the newspaper style issues) was in the very last issue. Renewals were taken just one issue prior, then those renewals were filled with a Tandy DOS machine magazine -- no refunds. I even offered to have Falsoft print a postcard for all the CoCo users and I&#039;d pay printing and postage, and never see the mailing list, but he was unwilling to do anything to help the CoCo people. That never did sit well with me... in case you couldn&#039;t tell. I had a limited budget to start the venture, but it did pay off. Not like Falsoft, but enough to make it a nice &amp;quot;paying hobby&amp;quot;, or rather a hobby that paid for itself. I made enough that I didn&#039;t drop a dime from my household budget in the magazine, was able to keep my CoCo and PC (you couldn&#039;t produce a magazine of any quality on a CoCo, sorry, but I did use the CoCo for many tasks -- Delphi mail and the mailing database, for example) up to date, and even paid for many trips from Georgia to Chicago for the CoCoFests. Those I made a couple hundred dollars on after expenses with magazine sales and sales at the fest. So I was happy -- this was a hobby venture from the start!!&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Farna</name></author>
	</entry>
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